Exploration And Characterization Of Hanjeli Nutfah Plasma

Hanjeli is one of the alternative food crops that are high in nutrients, healthful, easy to grow, and adaptable to a wide range of environmental circumstances. Due to the limited understanding of people who believe Hanjeli is a wild plant or weed, usage of this commodity is still quite low in Indonesia. To save and prevent the loss of genetic resources, it is vital to study, inventory, and characterize Hanjeli so that plant breeders can use it to create greater varieties in the future. The goals of this study are to: (1) learn about the existence and types of Hanjeli plants in West Sumatra Province; (2) collect Hanjeli germplasm; and (3) learn about the morphological diversity and level of similarity of Hanjeli plants as a starting point for germplasm conservation of Hanjeli plants in West Sumatra. This study took place in four districts/cities in West Sumatra Province from June to November 2021. This study is carried out using a survey method with purposive sampling. The NTSYSpc2.02i application is used to present morphological data descriptively and for similarity analysis. 69 Hanjeli accessions were discovered throughout the exploration process. Hanjeli grows between 6 to 1575 meters above sea level and can thrive in a variety of environments, including arid ground and regions near water sources (starting on the outskirts of streams to the edges of rice fields). For all characters, the phenotypic similarity study of Hanjeli plants yielded similarity coefficients ranging from 0.67 to 1. At 0.67, the accessions were divided into two groups: 66 accessions in the first group, and 3 accessions in the second group.


INTRODUCTION
Food diversification can be utilized to reduce community reliance on a single type of commodity for consumption. If the supply of staple food is disrupted, high dependence will lead to instability; yet, if individuals begin to consume alternate food items, stability will be maintained. Food diversification through the use of carbohydrate sources from local foods may be an alternative for achieving food Copyright © 2022. The authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 76 self-sufficiency and reducing people's reliance on rice.
Hanjeli is a promising cereal crop with strong development prospects in Indonesia, which has significant potential in the development of alternative food sources. According to BB Biogen (2014), Hanjeli contains nutrition equivalent to rice, with 76.4 percent carbs, 14.1 percent protein, 7.9 percent vegetable fat, and 54 mg calcium per 100 g of seeds.
Hanjeli also contains important amino acids (11.6%) and vitamin E (37.38 mg/kg), both of which act as antioxidants and boost the body's immunity (BB Postharvest, 2020).
Hanjeli can be found in a variety of agricultural land environments, including dry and wet climates, such as those found in Sumatra, Sulawesi, Java, and Kalimantan (Evizal, 2020). This plant can grow in the plains and highlands up to 2000 meters above sea level, and it can withstand cold conditions. This is supported by the findings of Nira (2016), who found that Hanjeli can thrive at an altitude of 1095 meters above sea level (climate type C2 according to Oldeman's categorization).
The use of Hanjeli as a food source has begun in the West Java area with various forms of processed products, but the existence of Hanjeli plants outside of Java is minimal or non-existent due to limited knowledge of people who believe that hanjeli is simply a wild plant or weed, so that it is frequently a plant. Mechanically and chemically, its growth is closely monitored. The paucity of Hanjeli development outside of Java, one of which being West Sumatra, demonstrates this.
There is a critical condition affecting the safety of Hanjeli's existence based on this description. Of course, this situation will eventually result in Hanjeli's germplasm being lost before it can be saved and used for its beneficial features. To save and prevent the loss of genetic resources, it is vital to conduct exploration, characterization, and inventory efforts so that plant breeders can use them to create a variety in the future.
Exploration is a process of gathering and collecting all accessible sources of genetic variation in order to save it from extinction and use it as a source of improvement or the production of new superior kinds with desired features. This study is one of the first steps in preserving and understanding the diversity of Hanjeli germplasm in the province of West Sumatra, so that plant breeders can use it to create improved cultivars in the future.

RESEARCH METHOD
This study took place in four districts/cities in West Sumatra Province, namely Padang Pariaman Regency, Agam Regency, Padang City, and Solok Regency, from June to November 2021. This region was chosen because it exemplifies West Sumatra's varied topography and agro-climatic characteristics. Hanjeli, which has entered the generative phase, is the substance used in this study. A survey method with purposive sampling is used in this investigation. The data from the preliminary survey results were used to conduct an investigation on the existence of Hanjeli found in four districts/cities of West Sumatra Province. The information gathered can be used to determine whether sub-districts have Hanjeli plants, as well as to characterize and sample them. Furthermore, based on the research location, providing a sample code or code number. A sample number, a sample code for each sub-district for each sample plant, and a position based on its coordinates are all included on each label.
Hanjeli characterization is done by seeing, measuring, and documenting morphological features that are directly related to the observed variables. The number of samples obtained was determined based on the presence of Hanjeli plants at the research site. The Hanjeli plant was used to collect sample data in the chosen areas. Observations on the plant's phenotypic character were made in each sample. Quantitative and qualitative features have been observed. The following formula is used to calculate the phenotypic variance: To calculate the standard deviation, use the following formula: Ϭ2 f = Phenotypic variance is a term used to describe the variation in phenotypes. n = number of examined phenotypes Xi = mean value to I SdϬ2f = phenotypic variance standard deviation Pinaria (1995) defined broad and narrow phenotypic variability as follows: Using the NTSYSpc 2.02i application, the morphological character data of the Hanjeli plant will be compared for similarities. The similarity analysis results are shown as a dendogram, which depicts the similarity relationship between plant accessions based on their physical characteristics.

Experimentation
Exploration has taken place in West Sumatra Province in four regencies / cities, including Padang Pariaman Regency, Agam Regency, Padang City, and Solok Regency, in order to learn more about Hanjeli's whereabouts. The research site is shown in Table 1.
Hanjeli may grow in a variety of environments, including arid ground and regions near water sources, according to research findings (starting on the banks of rivers to the edges of rice fields). Table  1 further illustrates that Hanjeli may grow in both the lowlands and the hills (6-1575 m asl). This is in line with the findings of various studies, who claim that Hanjeli can grow in both the lowlands and the highlands up to a height of 2000 meters above sea level and is cold tolerant (Rahmawati, 2003). According to Ramadan et al. (2020), the pulut type Hanjeli was able to adapt effectively to soils with a pH of 4.85 and low nutrients N, P, and K.
The preliminary survey activities and interviews conducted with many people near the research location in four districts/cities of West Sumatra Province revealed that Hanjeli agricultural activities had never taken place in these areas.
Hanjeli are only permitted to develop naturally, without the use of any care or cultivation practices. Because some people only know Hanjeli as a weed or a wild plant, this plant is frequently controlled rigorously, both mechanically and chemically, as a result of their ignorance. However, some people in Canduang District, Sungai Pua District, Banuhampu District (Agam District), Batang Anai District (Padang Pariaman District), and Pauh District are aware that Hanjeli can be used as a source of food and craft materials (Padang City). The local community no longer consumes this commodity over time.
Jali-jali, Jelai, and Sabi-sabi are some of the names given to Hanjeli in different places. Because the local community is unaware of the plant's existence and application, people feel that cultivating hanjeli will result in little profit. Phenotypic Variability is the second factor to consider.
Hanjeli phenotypic variability varies between four districts/cities in West Sumatra Province. Stem diameter, stem form, stem surface, stem growth direction, leaf arrangement, upper leaf surface condition, lower leaf surface condition, and flower layout all displayed narrow phenotypic variable values. When the range values are compared to characters with broad criteria, it is clear that the very wide range values have a lot of phenotypic variability. Because the range value for characteristics with tight requirements does not reveal a wide range of values, the phenotypic variation is less than twice the standard deviation. Plant breeding activities require a high level of diversity; without it, breeding efforts would not be successful in assembling the necessary superior cultivars (Fauza, 2005). Because selection will be successful or effective if the plant population to be selected has vast variety, the narrow phenotypic variability in observed morphological features cannot be used as a basis for selection in plant breeding efforts. Jalata et al. (2011)  Selection is a crucial step in the development of the anticipated improved cultivars. To properly select the appropriate genotypes, information on phenotypic appearance, genetic diversity, and heritability is required. The importance of genotypic and phenotypic diversity in selecting the desirable traits cannot be overstated. In order to assess inheritance and the selection technique for the features generated, the predictive value of heritability is also highly significant in addition to variability (Bello, 2012).
Hanjeli is a clump-shaped plant, and the total number of tillers and the number of productive tillers in one clump ranged from 4 to 53 stems with an average of 14.41 stems, while the number of productive tillers in one clump ranged from 2 to 50 stems with an average of 12.04 stems, indicating that the percentage of stems that formed fruit was 83.55 percent of all observational accessions. The four Hanjeli genotypes have a range of 7-18.33 tillers, with an average of 13.10 tillers, according to Qosim et al. (2013). Flowers and fruit form a clump on each stem of Hanjeli. Flowers and fruit are located at the end of the stem and in the leaf axils, with an irregular fruit ripening phase. The constituent parts of the Hanjeli flower show that it is an incomplete flower, but it is a perfect flower. Hanjeli flowers have male and female reproductive components rather than calix and corolla sections. Some accessions exhibited various hues for the anther and stigma, with the anther ranging from whitish yellow to dark yellow and the stigma varying from light purple to dark purple. Table 3 shows the morphology of Hanjeli flowers and seeds in four West Sumatra regencies/cities

Analyze Similarities
In order to evaluate the level of kinship in the 69 Hanjeli accessions in the four districts/cities that became the observation locations, a similarity analysis was performed. The dendogram depicts the findings of the analysis of the similarity of the relationship between 69 Hanjeli accessions (Figure 1). According to the findings, the coefficient of similarity of all Hanjeli accession samples found in four districts/cities in West Sumatra Province ranges from 0.67 to 1. The coefficient value describes the degree of similarity between the two accessions. If the similarity coefficient value is little, the degree of similarity of the accessions being compared will be closer. If the similarity coefficient value is large, the level of similarity of each accession being compared will be further away.  The coefficient numbers that phenotypically indicate the degree of dissimilarity between the samples being compared are referred to as taxonomic distance. The greater the similarity between two individuals (narrower variability), the lower the dissimilarity value; conversely, the greater the dissimilarity number, the lower the level of similarity between individuals (larger variability) (varies). Meanwhile, the dissimilarity coefficient between the two people is zero (Fauza, 2009).