Analysis of Soil Quality Index type of land use on dry land in Blang Bintang

This study aimed at examining the analysis of the soil quality index of dry land use on dry land in Blang Bintang District, Aceh Besar District. This research was conducted using a descriptive method based on the results of surveys and field observations as well as laboratory analysis. General biophysical conditions of the area and physical and chemical characteristics of the soil obtained from observations and indicators of soil quality through soil analysis in the laboratory. Soil sampling points were determined using the purposive sampling method, namely the points that have been determined on selected dry land in Blang Bintang District, Regency of Aceh Besar. The moderate soil quality index in the upland land use type is one of the reasons for the sampling of the Inceptisol soil type in the Blang Bintang sub-district, which has less fertile soil characteristics. Upland land use is the percentage of sand (57%) which is greater than the percentage of dust (36%) and clay (6%). This can be seen in the low content of C-organic (1.19), H2O, K-dd, P-available and N-total and high volume weight (1.34).


INTRODUCTION
The potential of dry land for agricultural development in Indonesia is very large, it is estimated at 76 million hectares located in the lowlands to highlands with wet and dry climates.Of the dry land area in Indonesia which reaches 144.47 million ha, about 99.65 million ha (68.98%) is potential land for agriculture, while the remaining 44.82 million ha is not potential for agriculture, most of which are in forest areas.(Heryani, N., & Rejekiningrum, P., 2019).Soil degradation has an impact on decreasing soil quality and is followed by a decrease in agricultural land productivity (Lal, 2015).This condition can occur and be accelerated if land management is not done properly so that it can trigger excessive erosion (Kairis et al., 2013).Low soil quality is characterized by low soil organic matter content, high soil density, low porosity and slow infiltration rate (Schoenholtz et al., 2000).Efforts to improve soil quality must start with increasing soil organic matter content.An increase in soil organic matter content will trigger the activity of organisms in the soil, and can improve the porosity and stability of soil aggregates (Cardoso et al., 2013).
High soil fertility indicates high soil quality.Soil quality is the capacity of the soil to maintain plant productivity, maintain and maintain water availability and support human activities.Good soil quality will support the function of the soil as a medium for plant growth, regulate and share water flow and support a good environment (Akbar et al., 2022).Several studies have shown that the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of one land use type differ from other land use types.It is like the characteristics of forest land are different from the characteristics of dry land or other types of use.This happens because of differences in nutrient sources on these lands.These differences are often studied so that it can be known what actions will be taken for the management of these lands (Syahrul et al., 2021).Feng et al (2019), stated that total N, available P, pH, soil texture, soil depth are important factors that affect the soil quality index.
Soil quality is the ability of a soil to play a role in maintaining plant productivity, maintaining and maintaining the availability of water and supporting human activities (Minarsih and Hanudin, 2020) (Partoyo, 2005).Soil quality assessment can serve as a tool for agricultural managers and for other policy makers to gain a better understanding of agricultural systems that can affect soil resources.(Dong et al., 2013).Maintained soil quality will affect humans economically by selling crops, soil resistance to erosion, minimized human health from the influence of heavy metals (Wander et al., 2002;Kurniawan et al., 2021).
Soil quality is a general term that combines physical, chemical and biological parameters.These aspects of soil are interdependent and may respond differently to changes in land use, so individual parameters may be indicators of poor soil quality (Mukherjee andLal, 2014, Davaria et al., 2020).Instead, a more holistic methodological approach should be used to assess change (Raiesi, 2017).Currently, comprehensive methods for evaluating soil quality include qualitative (eg visual), semi-quantitative (Doran and Parkin, 1994), and quantitative (Andrews et al., 2002, Davaria et al., 2020) methods.The difference between semi-quantitative and quantitative is how to get the minimum data set.The semi-quantitative method is to select the minimum data set from the total data set through expert opinion, and the quantitative method is to extract the minimum data set through statistical methods, for example, principal component analysis, multiple correlation, factor analysis (Andrews et al., 2002).Quantitative assessment of soil quality is usually achieved through laboratory analysis of physical, chemical, and biological parameters, in combination with a soil quality index.SQI can be determined through standard scoring function, nonlinear scoring function, or linear scoring function method (Li et al., 2020), where the SQI value represents soil quality.In general, SQI is easy to use and offers flexibility (Leite Chaves et al., 2017, Huang et al., 2021;Akbar et al., 2022).
Soil quality is the ability of soil to provide nutrients for plants, maintain and improve water and air in the soil, and support human needs.There are several reasons that lead to the decline in soil quality, including the change in land use type from forest to agricultural land and the consequences of intensive land use.Soil quality improvement due to various types of land use or crop rotation can be measured by changes in soil indicators and other parameters.The most popular indicators used to assess soil quality are soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and soil acidity (pH).Soil organic carbon It is very important for soil fertility and is a strong indicator of the biological health of the soil and its chemical, biological and physical processes.Total nitrogen is the main nutrient used for vegetation growth and is also used as a key soil quality assessment.Soil pH is the most important indicator in managing agricultural production.Most agricultural crops thrive in soils with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5 .(Pham et al., 2018).
Soil quality is a useful concept when assessing the sustainability of an agricultural business and demonstrates the ability of the soil to maintain plant and animal productivity, improve water and air quality, and to protect human health.SQI is a soil variable with the following characteristics: 1) well correlated with ecosystem processes; 2) the integration of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil; 3) good sensitivity to human-induced soil changes; 4) simplicity of measurement and interpretation; and 5) reproducibility (Sione et ai., 2017).
Soil quality index (SQI) is a diagnostic procedure to evaluate soil function and overall health.SQI usually integrates physical, biological, and chemical properties into a single weighted number (Bastida et al., 2008).The selected soil properties must be relevant to the soil process, consistent, reproducible, and relatively easy and affordable for sampling (Bünemann et al., 2018, Moebius-Clune, 2017).The physical properties examined for the assessment of restoration success are related to soil structure, and include texture, specific gravity, water holding capacity, infiltration rate, penetration resistance, available water content, and aggregate stability (Bandyopadhyay and Maiti, 2019).Biological properties refer to macro and micro organisms in the soil, such as microbial biomass, respiration, community composition, and enzymatic activity (Muñoz-Rojas, 2018), as well as processes related to soil organic matter and activated carbon (Sheoran et al., 2010).).Soil chemical properties include pH, salinity, nutrient availability (for example, ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO3−), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)), cation exchange capacity, nutrient cycling, and heavy metal content (Dunger et al. Voigtländer, 2005, Gómez-Sagasti et al., 2012, Melgar-Ramírez et al., 2012, Sheoran et al., 2010;Levy et al., 2021) The type of land use is very important for all types of soil to maintain soil fertility.In the type of dry land use which is planted with seasonal crops, namely corn, soybeans, and cassava, almost all parts of the plant are carried away by the harvest, so that very little organic matter is returned to the soil and added from intensive tillage effect.Each soil has a different organic matter content according to the characteristics of the soil and the use of the land.Changes in vegetation or land use and soil management patterns cause changes in soil organic matter content (Yasin, 2007).Therefore, this study is to examine the analysis of the soil quality index on the type of dry land use in the Blang Bintang sub-district, Aceh Besar district.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
This research was conducted in Blang Bintang District, Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province which is geographically located between 5.20 -5.80 North Latitude and 95080' -950.88'East Longitude with an area of 2,969 km2 or 296,900 ha.This study focused on several field observation points in agricultural areas and other uses on several types of dry land use in Blang Bintang District, Aceh Besar District.
The equipment used in the field are gps, soil drill, sample ring, pH meter, meter, plastic, rubber, knife, hoe, and Abney level.While the equipment used in the laboratory for soil analysis are analytical balance, pH meter, oven, shaker, hot plate, hogonizer, distillation unit, burette, beaker, spectrophotometer and AAS (Atamic Absorption Spectrophotometer).The materials used in this study include: soil taken from the top layer (0 -20 cm) for evaluation of soil fertility status.Other materials include regional maps, google maps, maps of soil types, maps of observation points and various chemicals that will be used during soil surveys in the field such as 10% H2O2, 10 N HCl, distilled water and materials for laboratory analysis.
This research was carried out using a descriptive method based on the results of surveys and field observations (field study) and laboratory analysis.analysis Soil sampling points were determined using the purposive sampling method, namely points that have been determined in selected dry land areas in Blang Bintang District, Aceh Besar District.Soil sampling for analysis of chemical properties is carried out by drilling.Soil drilling is carried out to determine the level of thickness of the soil solum.Sampling is only focused on the top soil layer with a thickness of 0 -20 cm.In dry vegetation (LUT) 5 -6 sample points were taken which were then analyzed in the laboratory.From the data from the soil analysis, the fertility status of each type of land use will be determined.Field observations and sampling were carried out at each observation point (LUT) in the Blang Bintang sub-district, Aceh Besar district.Soil samples were taken at a slope of 0 to 15% (flat to slightly steep) representing Entisol and Inceptisol soil types.
Soil sample analysis was carried out in the laboratory to obtain information on the chemical and physical properties of the soil at the research site.The variables analyzed included: pH (H2O), C-Organic, N-Total, P-available, K-switched.For data on the value of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (KB) are used as data to support soil classification.Meanwhile, the analysis of the physical properties of the soil from a single undisturbed soil sample were: size fraction (texture), volume weight and porosity as well as soil respiration.Aspects and methods of analysis of chemical properties, soil physics and root depth can be described in The map of the research location to determine the soil quality index on the type of dry land use in the Blang Bintang sub-district, Aceh Besar district can be seen in Figure 1.One of the reasons for the moderate soil quality index on the type of dry land use is the sampling of the Inceptisol soil type in the Blang Bintang sub-district, which has less fertile soil characteristics.Inceptisols are known to have low essential nutrient levels, especially nitrogen (N)., phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).Intensive soil management can cause soil damage in terms of properties, physics, chemistry, and soil biology.Damage to soil chemical properties can occur due to the acidification process caused by the continuous use of large amounts of artificial nitrogen fertilizers (Sufardi 2012).Physical soil damage can be in the form of damage to soil structure that causes compaction (soil compaction) due to the use of inappropriate agricultural mechanization tools.or continuous use of chemical fertilizers.Biological damage is characterized by population shrinkage or reduced biodiversity of soil organisms which is usually the result of damage to physical and/or chemical properties (Akbar et al., 2022;Sufardi et al 2017).
In the type of dry land use, the percentage of sand (57%) is greater than the percentage of dust (36%) and clay (6%).The results of the research by Bakri et al (2016) who get the percentage of 69.5% sand, 15.2% silt and 15.3% clay which belong to the sandy clay class.Sandy loam conditions on dry land indicate that this soil is not strong enough to bind water and nutrients.So that the substances needed for plants are easily washed out and cannot be utilized by these plants.
The C-organic content (1.19) is classified as low and the volume weight on dry land (1.34) is very high, causing the soil quality index for the dry land use type to be in the medium category in Blang Bintang sub-district, Aceh Besar district.The application of organic matter into the soil can increase the amount of soil pore space and form a crumb soil structure so that it will reduce the density of the soil.The average soil density at the study site was 1.24 g cm-3 , this figure has slightly exceeded the critical value for healthy agricultural soils, which is less than 1.2 g cm-3 for loamy soils (Brouwer andJenkins, 2004). 2015).The value of soil density greater than 1.2 g cm-3 means that the soil has undergone a compaction process (Saputra et al., 2018).The low content of organic C in the research location can be caused by the lack of awareness of farmers about the importance of adding organic fertilizer during the process.land management.The addition of organic matter into the soil can add nutrients to plants, increase the cation exchange capacity of the soil and be able to create fertile soil suitable for plant growth (Fayez et al., 2017).crop yields are burned.Utilization of crop residues and crop rotation systems maintain soil organic matter (Parmata, 2011;Bakri et al., 2016).Likewise, it can be seen that pH H2O, K-dd, P-available and N-total a low level indicates that the type of dry land use is in the medium category so that it is somewhat less fertile.

CONCLUSIONS
The soil quality index on the type of upland land use in Blang Bintang subdistrict, Aceh Besar district, is in the medium category.This can be seen by the low organic C content, high volume weight, pH H2O, K-dd, available P and N -low totals.In the type of dry land use, special treatment is needed in the form of adding organic matter to the soil by means of fertilization.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Researchers Field surveys were carried out to obtain primary data in the form of general biophysical conditions of the area and physical and chemical characteristics of the soil obtained from observations and soil quality indicators.through soil analysis in the laboratory.Picture 1. Flowchart of the process of conducting soil quality index research Picture 1. map of research locations on dry land use types in Blang Bintang subdistrict, Aceh Besar district 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil quality index (IKT) can be known from the results of field observations and laboratory analysis.Based on the results of observations and descriptions of soil profiles in several locations, the survey was made to represent several dry land vegetation in Blang Bintang sub-district, Aceh Besar district.

Table 1 Table 1 .
Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties of Soil analyzed in the Laboratory

Table 2 .
Soil quality criteria based on soil quality index values (IKT)

Table 3 .
Average modification of soil indicators, weight index and boundaries of the grading function(Moor)