Application of Fly Ash-Based Soil Amendments to Improve The Growth and Yield of Lowland Rice (Oryza Sativa. L)
Abstract
The quality of organic soil amendments can be enhanced by incorporating mineral materials such as fly ash, zeolite, and dolomite in appropriate formulations. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of soil amendments formulated from various organic matter sources combined with fly ash and to assess their effects on the growth and yield of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions from April to December 2024 using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The tested soil amendment formulations were based on fly ash (F), palm oil mill effluent (POME; LC), rice straw compost (JP), cattle manure compost (PK), and Tithonia diversifolia compost (TT). The observed parameters included soil amendment characteristics (pH, organic C, total N, total P, total K, and total Si) and rice growth and yield variables. The results demonstrated that increases in rice yield were positively correlated with the silica content of the soil amendments. Soil amendments formulated from rice straw compost, cattle manure compost, and Tithonia diversifolia compost in combination with fly ash complied with the technical standards specified in SNI 7763:2024 and the Indonesian Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 261/KPTS/SR.310/M/4/2019. The highest rice yield was obtained from treatment FKF4, consisting of cattle manure compost amended with fly ash at 75% of the compost dry weight and applied at a rate of 10 t ha⁻¹. To improve both the quality of soil amendments and lowland rice productivity, compost should be blended with fly ash at proportions exceeding 50% of the compost dry weight.
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