Soil Organic Carbon Degradation and Changes In Phosphorus and Potassium Status in Intensive Paddy Fields of Solok Regency and Solok City, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract
Rice yield stagnation in intensive paddy fields has been widely associated with declining soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient imbalance. This study aimed to quantify the extent and spatial distribution of SOC, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) status in paddy fields in Solok Regency and Solok City, West Sumatra, Indonesia, and to evaluate opportunities to improve soil fertility to support sustainable rice production. The study covered 23,426 ha of paddy fields, consisting of 22,551 ha in Solok Regency and 876 ha in Solok City. Soil fertility status was assessed based on SOC, available P, and exchangeable K. Results showed that 68.24% of the paddy fields had low SOC content (<2%), indicating widespread soil organic matter depletion. In contrast, 85.47% and 72.91% of the area exhibited high P and K status, respectively, reflecting substantial nutrient accumulation from long-term fertilization. These findings indicate that soil fertility management should prioritize increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) and optimizing the use of accumulated phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) reserves (legacy nutrients) to improve fertilizer use efficiency. To enhance the productivity of lowland rice soils in Solok Regency and Solok City, organic amendments should be applied, together with P and K fertilization tailored to the soil nutrient status. This approach could improve soil health, sustain rice productivity, and support the long-term sustainability of intensive lowland rice farming systems.
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