JURNAL AGRONOMI TANAMAN TROPIKA (JUATIKA)

Test Effectiveness Fertilizer Organic KoHeA+MF with Substance Regulator Grow Experience To Germination and Growth of Red Chili Seeds (Capsicum Annuum L.) Varieties Lotanbar

2026-05-30T10:28:45+07:00

Chili Plants (Capsicum annuum L.) Red chili is one of the leading horticultural commodities, widely consumed by
the public for both culinary and medicinal purposes. The demand for red chili continues to increase alongside
population growth. Consequently, increased red chili production must be accompanied by improvements in
quality. The use of high-quality seeds is a major factor in enhancing both quality and yield. The planting medium
is another critical factor influencing plant growth, especially in the nursery stage. Additionally, phytohormones or
plant growth regulators (PGRs) affect seed germination. This study aimed to examine the effects of different
dosages of the organic fertilizer KoHeA + MF, various types of natural PGRs, and their interactions on the
germination and early vegetative growth of red chilli seeds of the Lotanbar variety. The experiment employed a
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial arrangement with four doses of KoHeA + MF organic fertilizer (0, 5,
10, and 15 tons/ha) and four types of natural PGRs (no PGR, young coconut water, shallot extract, and bamboo
shoot extract), each applied at a 50% concentration. The variables observed included germination rate, maximum
growth potential, plant height, leaf length, and number of leaves. Results indicated that KoHeA + MF organic
fertilizer significantly influenced vegetative growth of red chilli plants, whereas natural PGRs enhanced seed
germination rates. The optimal treatment combined a planting medium mixed with KoHeA + MF at 10 tons/ha and
seed soaking in natural PGR derived from young coconut water

Germination Response of Fruit and Pod Vegetable Seeds Using Cow Manure Liquid Organic Fertilizer

2026-05-30T10:29:38+07:00

The early growth of chilli peppers, long beans, green beans, and okra is often constrained by limited nutrient availability and a heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers, underscoring the need for effective, environmentally friendly organic liquid fertilizers. This study investigated the effects and optimal concentration of M2 (Panchagavya) liquid fertilizer on the early growth of these crops. M2 contains beneficial microbes, natural plant hormones, and essential nutrients that promote seed germination and root development. The fertilizer was prepared by fermenting organic matter for 30 days and tested in both laboratory (petri dish) and field experiments at six concentrations (0–5%) with three replications. Observed parameters included germination rate, root length, fresh and dry weight, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC), which were analyzed using ANOVA The results of this study indicate that M2 (Panchagavya) liquid fertilizer significantly enhances the early growth of chili peppers, long beans, green beans, and okra, improving germination rate, root length, and both fresh and dry biomass. M2 promotes root elongation and dry biomass accumulation through its beneficial microbes, natural plant hormones, and essential nutrients, thereby facilitating seedling germination and preparing young plants for efficient nutrient uptake. Optimal M2 concentrations vary by species: 1–2% for green beans and kale, and 4–5% for chillies and okra. This fertilizer is organic and environmentally friendly, reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers. It is recommended that users apply M2 at species-specific concentrations, particularly during germination and early vegetative growth stages, ensure a 30-day fermentation process to maintain fertilizer quality, and monitor plant growth to adjust dosages as needed.

Influence Concentration and Immersion Time, Substance Regulator Growth of IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid) Against Early Seedling Growth Cuttings, Plant Jasmine White (Jasminum sambac)

2026-05-30T10:28:06+07:00

White jasmine (Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton) is an ornamental plant of high economic value that requires access to quality, uniform seeds. Propagation through stem cuttings often faces challenges in root formation and initial growth. This study aims to analyze the effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentration and soaking time on the initial growth of white jasmine cuttings. The study employed a factorial completely randomized design with two factors: IBA concentration (0, 50, 100, and 150 parts per million) and soaking time (30, 60, and 90 minutes). The parameters observed included shoot emergence time, shoot length, number of leaves, number of primary roots, and root fresh weight. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance at a 5% significance level. The results showed a significant interaction between concentration and soaking time for all parameters. The combination of 100 ppm IBA with a 60-minute soaking time resulted in the fastest shoot emergence (11.27 days), the longest shoot length at eight weeks after planting (11.27 cm), the highest number of leaves (12.60), the greatest number of primary roots (12.52), and the largest fresh root weight (1.06 g). Treatments without growth regulators showed the lowest values for most parameters. Thus, a concentration of 100 ppm with a 60-minute soaking time was the most effective combination for enhancing the initial growth of white jasmine cuttings. Applying this treatment has the potential to improve seedling quality and uniformity, supporting the development of white jasmine cultivation.

Vegetative Response of Cocoa Seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) to Nitrophenol Compound Concentration and NPK Fertilizer Dose

2026-05-30T10:27:45+07:00

Cocoa is a vital plantation commodity in Indonesia, but its productivity is hindered by suboptimal seedling quality. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative growth response of cocoa seedlings to various combinations of nitrophenol compound concentrations and NPK fertilizer doses, and to identify the optimal treatment combination. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Pasir Pengaraian University, Riau, from June to October 2025, using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a factorial arrangement. The first factor was the concentration of nitrophenol compounds (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 ml/L), and the second factor was the NPK fertilizer dose (0, 5, and 10 g per polybag). The parameters measured included plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, root volume, and dry weight. Data were statistically analyzed using an F-test (ANOVA) at the 5% significance level with PKBT-STAT 3.2, followed by the Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at the 5% level. The results indicated a highly significant interaction (P < 0.01) between nitrophenol compounds and NPK fertilizer on all measured parameters. The combination of 4.5 ml/L nitrophenol compounds and 10 g/polybag NPK fertilizer produced the best results, with a plant height of 46.00 cm, 17 leaves, a stem diameter of 0.69 cm, a root volume of 6.50 ml, and a dry weight of 4.38 g. These findings demonstrate that increasing both the concentration of the nitrophenol compound and the fertilizer dose synergistically enhances the vigor and quality of cocoa seedlings.

Diversity Insect Plant Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) on Land Orgosol, MARDI, Selangor, Malaysia

2026-05-30T10:29:21+07:00

This study aims to identify and analyze the diversity of insect species on jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) plants in the MARDI organic farmland, Selangor, Malaysia. Data collection was conducted over 12 days, from September 23 to October 4, 2025, using two primary methods: Yellow Sticky Traps (YST) and manual capture. The data obtained included the number of individuals from various insect orders, including Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Dictyoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera, as well as Arachnida, totaling 4,245 individuals. The results showed that the order Hymenoptera (predators) dominated with 1,589 individuals, followed by Hemiptera (600) and Diptera (beneficials) (463), while the lowest number was recorded in Orthoptera (6 individuals). The highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') value was observed on day 6 (1.950), indicating a relatively balanced ecosystem, whereas the lowest value occurred on day 9 (1.597) due to the dominance of predatory Hymenoptera. The highest species richness (Margalef index) was also recorded on day 6 (2.88), indicating robust species diversity, and species similarity (Sorensen index) reached a maximum value of 1.0 on day 12, indicating the stability of the insect community. Overall, these results indicate fluctuating insect population dynamics, with a tendency toward ecosystem stability by the end of the observation period.

Antagonistic Evaluation of Trichoderma against The Pathogens Colletotrichum, Pestalotiopsis, and Phytophthora using Dual Culture and Split Plate Techniques

2026-05-30T10:29:56+07:00

Plant pathogens such as Colletotrichum, Pestalotiopsis, and Phytophthora are major causal agents of significant yield losses in tropical horticultural crops. Among various biological control agents, Trichoderma species have been widely studied due to their antagonistic capabilities, rapid colonization, and ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes. Dual-culture and split-plate assays are commonly used to evaluate direct inhibition mechanisms and inhibition mediated by volatile compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma reesei against three tropical pathogens using both assay methods. The antagonistic potential of Trichoderma reesei against three major tropical plant pathogens—Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pestalotiopsis microspora, and Phytophthora palmivora—was assessed using dual-culture and split-plate techniques. In the dual-culture assay, T. reesei showed varying levels of inhibition across the tested pathogens. The highest mean inhibition was observed against P. microspora (89.37 ± 1.48%), followed by C. gloeosporioides (87.22 ± 2.01%), and the lowest against P. palmivora (84.37 ± 1.35%). Statistical analysis (GLM, F = 9.38; p = 0.0063) revealed significant differences among pathogens, with Tukey's test indicating that inhibition against Pestalotiopsis was significantly greater than against Phytophthora palmivora. The results indicate that Trichoderma reesei exhibits more effective antagonistic activity against Pestalotiopsis than against Phytophthora palmivora. This suggests that the inhibitory mechanisms of T. reesei are more specific and potent against certain pathogens, particularly necrotrophic fungi such as Pestalotiopsis. This specificity enhances its value as a biological control agent by demonstrating selectivity toward target pathogens. Another advantage of T. reesei is its ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes, such as chitinase and glucanase, that degrade the cell walls of pathogens. This enzymatic activity strengthens the effectiveness of biological inhibition without causing negative environmental impacts. Therefore, T. reesei has strong potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic chemical fungicides. Users are encouraged to integrate T. reesei with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices. Combining it with proper cultivation techniques—such as field sanitation, crop rotation, and the use of resistant varieties—will enhance overall disease control effectiveness. Additionally, environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and soil pH should be considered, as they influence the activity of T. reesei. Optimizing these conditions will improve colonization and antagonistic activity of this microorganism in the field.

Contribution Biopellets as Energy New Renewable from Stalks, Bunches, Waste, Fresh Fruit Bunches, and Shells Coconut (Cocos nucifera)

2026-05-30T10:27:26+07:00

Indonesia is the world's largest producer of coconut palm oil, with a total production of 46,986,128 tons in 2023, cultivated over 16,833,985 hectares. This research aims to utilize waste from harvesting fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of coconut palm oil—specifically, bunch stalks and coconut shells—as raw materials for the manufacture of biopellets. Additionally, the study evaluates the influence of varying compositions on the quality characteristics of biopellets, including calorific value, moisture content, ash content, density, and combustion rate. The research employed an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a non-factorial arrangement. The treatments consisted of five composition levels of fresh fruit bunches to coconut shell ratios: 100% FFB: 0% shell (K1), 75%: 25% (K2), 50%: 50% (K3), 25%: 75% (K4), and 0%: 100% (K5). Each treatment was replicated three times. The study stages included raw material preparation, chopping, drying of TBS stalks, milling to a particle size of 30 mesh (<0.6 mm), mixing with coconut shell using an adhesive made from gaplek/tapioca flour, pelletizing, drying in an oven at 80°C for 1 hour, and subsequent quality testing according to research parameters. Results indicate that the proportion of coconut shell significantly affects the biopellet characteristics. The highest calorific value was observed in treatment K5 (100% shell) at 3,924.24 cal/g, while the lowest was in K1 (100% FFB) at 3,226.64 cal/g. All treatments met the SNI 8675:2018 standard for moisture content, with the lowest at 5.47% in K5 and the highest at 6.60% in K2. However, ash content across all treatments did not meet the SNI standard, ranging from 22.80% to 36.13%. Biopellet density met the standard, averaging 0.73 g/cm³, and the combustion rate also complied with the standard, averaging 0.00096 g/second. In conclusion, substituting coconut shell for fresh fruit bunch stalks increases the calorific value and improves several quality parameters of biopellets, with the best results observed in treatment K5 for calorific value and moisture content.

Soil Fertility Assessment and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Paddy Field Change In Gorontalo Under LP2B Policy

2026-05-30T10:30:50+07:00

This study quantitatively assessed the intrinsic soil quality and spatio-temporal dynamics of paddy field conversion in Gorontalo Regency between 2017 and 2023, specifically under the Sustainable Food Agricultural Land (LP2B) policy. The fundamental inquiry of this research concerns the real efficacy of passive regulatory policy instruments in protecting agricultural natural capital against intense development pressures. Utilizing Sentinel satellite imagery and the Random Forest algorithm within the Google Earth Engine (GEE), detailed change detection and zonal analyses were performed. This was augmented by empirical field sampling and laboratory analysis to quantify the mean levels of critical soil fertility indicators, including Organic Carbon (OC) and Total Nitrogen (TN), in protected and newly established areas. A significant policy paradox was identified. While the regency experienced a net increase of 4,226.54 ha in total paddy field area, the legally protected LP2B zones suffered an undeniable net loss of 23.76 ha. Crucially, the soils lost from LP2B areas were intrinsically superior, exhibiting significantly higher mean levels of OC (3.15% vs. 1.88%) and TN (0.28% vs. 0.15%) compared to the newly established areas outside the LP2B boundary, which utilized lower-quality, marginal land. The most important findings highlight that the policy has failed to preserve the highest quality land, resulting in resource substitution (quality for quantity). This study strongly recommends the adoption of spatially targeted incentive strategies and the integration of a Weighted Land Loss Metric, based on soil fertility parameters, into policy monitoring to ensure the long-term sustainability and resilience of regional food production systems.

The Effect of Interaction of Microbially Immobilized Biochar and Salinity Stress on Soil Chemical Properties (pH, EC, C-organic, and CEC) in Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Cultivation

2026-05-30T10:30:16+07:00

Soil salinity reduces nutrient availability and inhibits plant growth. While red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) exhibits tolerance to suboptimal conditions, its growth declines significantly under high salinity stress. This study evaluated the efficacy of microbially immobilized biochar in ameliorating the chemical properties of saline-stressed soil and enhancing red spinach growth. The experiment employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors: biochar dose (0, 15, 30, and 45 t ha⁻¹) and NaCl salinity levels (0, 4, 6, and 8 mS cm⁻¹), with three replications totaling 48 experimental units. Soil parameters measured included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (C), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) at 0 and 28 days after planting (DAP), while fresh plant weight was recorded at 28 DAP. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by a 5% Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Results indicated that biochar application significantly influenced soil pH and CEC. The 30 t ha⁻¹ treatment yielded the highest pH (7.31) at 28 DAP, whereas the 45 t ha⁻¹ treatment achieved the maximum CEC (61.84 cmol kg⁻¹). NaCl stress significantly increased soil EC from 0.93 to 8.69 mS cm⁻¹ at the highest dose, while organic carbon remained unaffected by either treatment. Although the 15 t ha⁻¹ dose was optimal for pH improvement and the 45 t ha⁻¹ dose for CEC enhancement, the 45 t ha⁻¹ treatment overall proved most effective in improving the chemical properties of saline soil and supporting red spinach growth, maintaining stable pH, EC, CEC, and organic carbon values through 28 DAP.

Utilization of Aquaculture Effluent as an Organic Fertilizer to Improve Soil Fertility and Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Yield

2026-05-30T10:28:25+07:00

This study evaluated the potential of aquaculture effluent as a liquid organic fertilizer to enhance soil fertility and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) productivity. Conducted in Blang Berandang Village, West Aceh Regency, the experiment employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six treatments: a control (0% effluent), inorganic fertilizer, and four effluent concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), each replicated four times. Measured variables included soil chemical properties (pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium), plant growth parameters, and tuber yield. Results indicated that the aquaculture effluent was rich in nutrients, containing 35.2 mg L⁻¹ nitrogen, 12.6 mg L⁻¹ P₂O₅, and 22.4 mg L⁻¹ K₂O, with a C/N ratio of 3.6. Effluent application significantly improved soil physicochemical properties, raising soil pH from 5.5 to 6.9 and organic carbon from 1.25% to 2.45%. Furthermore, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium levels increased in proportion to effluent concentration. The 75% effluent treatment yielded the optimal results, producing a plant height of 135.4 cm and a tuber weight of 4.12 kg per plant—a 90% increase compared to the control. These findings demonstrate that aquaculture effluent significantly enhances soil fertility and cassava productivity relative to untreated controls. Consequently, its utilization offers a sustainable, eco-friendly strategy for integrated aquaculture–agriculture systems, contributing to increased crop production while mitigating environmental impacts associated with aquaculture waste.

Biodiversity Study on Various Land Uses in Jatiarjo Village, Pasuruan Regency

2026-05-30T10:30:33+07:00

Biological diversity is part of the ecological chain within the environment or ecosystem. The interrelationship among all living organisms, including microorganisms, flora, and fauna, cannot be overlooked. Biological diversity is often used as an indicator of ecosystem health. Biodiversity can be measured using the biological diversity index introduced by Shannon and Wiener, which serves as a reference for evaluating diversity levels. This research aims to examine existing biological diversity. The study uses the Shannon–Wiener method, which is commonly used to measure species diversity within communities across various land-use types, including Garden Mix 1, Garden Mix 2, fields, and gardens. Each land-use type possesses different vegetation diversity characteristics. Garden Mix 1 combines woody plants and horticultural crops, whereas Garden Mix 2 features a mix of horticultural plants and shrubs. The results of this research may serve as a recommendation and as a foundation for further sustainable studies, such as carbon stock research and biodiversity assessments.

The Effect of Shade from Two-Year-Old Oil Palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) on the Quality of Chili Pepper Seeds (Capsicum frutescens L.)

2026-05-30T10:29:03+07:00

Chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a seasonal crop with high economic value and is widely cultivated in both highland and lowland areas of Indonesia. As an important horticultural commodity and a staple ingredient in Indonesian cuisine, improving chili productivity requires rapid, accurate methods for seed quality assessment. The physiological quality of chili pepper seeds plays a crucial role in germination success and seedling establishment. Therefore, information regarding seed quality variation among genotypes is essential for selecting superior seed sources. This study aimed to evaluate the seed quality of five Capsicum frutescens genotypes based on viability, vigor, and membrane integrity parameters. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications, using genotype as the treatment factor. Observations included germination percentage (GP), maximum growth potential (MGP), radicle emergence (RE), vigor index (VI), growth rate (GR), growth synchrony (GS), normal seedling dry weight (NSDW), seedling growth rate (SGR), electrical conductivity (EC), and tetrazolium viability (TZ). Analysis of variance revealed that genotype had a highly significant effect on all observed parameters at the 1% level of significance (α = 0.01). Genotype G3 exhibited the highest performance in key viability and vigor parameters, with GP of 71.50%, MGP of 77.50%, RE of 54.50%, VI of 55.00%, GR of 54.70% etmal⁻¹, GS of 60.50%, NSDW of 0.284 g, SGR of 0.00795 g KN⁻¹, and TZ viability of 88%, accompanied by the lowest EC value (17.792 µS cm⁻¹). In contrast, genotypes G1 and G4 showed the lowest values across most parameters, whereas G2 demonstrated moderate performance with relatively high vigor. These findings indicate that the physiological quality of cayenne pepper seeds varies among genotypes and is strongly influenced by genetic factors. This study provides valuable insights into seed quality under shaded conditions and contributes to the development of strategies for improving chili growth and adaptability in shaded environments.

Soil cover vegetation analysis on soil physical properties at PT Cibaliung Tunggal Plantation Cibaliung I Rokan Hilir regency Riau province

2026-05-30T10:27:08+07:00

Ground cover vegetation plays a crucial role in maintaining soil quality and preventing degradation by altering soil physical properties. This study aimed to analyze differences in soil physical properties, particularly bulk density, porosity, and water content, in areas covered with different types of ground cover vegetation at PT Cibaliung Tunggal Plantation, Kebun Cibaliung I, Riau. The method used was a field survey with purposive sampling of soil at two depths, namely 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm. The observation sites included three vegetation conditions: fern (Nephrolepis biserrata), crocodile-nest grass (Ottochloa nodosa), and bare land. Laboratory analysis indicated that vegetation significantly improved soil physical properties. The lowest bulk density values were found in areas with Ottochloa nodosa vegetation (0.35–0.78 g/cm³), whereas the highest values were found in areas without vegetation (1.35–1.45 g/cm³). All locations exhibited “very good” porosity criteria (>20%), with the highest values in Ottochloa nodosa areas reaching 88–95%. In terms of water retention, vegetated areas demonstrated greater capacity than bare areas; the highest water content was recorded in O. nodosa areas (81–202%), whereas bare areas exhibited water content ranging from 18–21%. This study concluded that using ground cover vegetation can significantly reduce soil density and increase porosity and water storage capacity, thereby supporting sustainable land productivity, especially during the oil palm replanting period. These findings highlight Ottochloa nodosa's superior performance in optimizing soil moisture and structure, suggesting that plantation managers should prioritize its conservation to enhance long-term soil sustainability.

Morphometric Comparison Horned Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) from Location SEAT Ungaran, Banyumas, and Pangandaran

2026-06-03T03:30:11+07:00

The rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) is a major pest of coconut and oil palm in Indonesia. Its attacks can cause up to 25% damage to young palms and reduce fresh fruit bunch production by up to 69%. This study aimed to compare the body morphometrics of male and female O. rhinoceros collected from SEAT Ungaran (oil palm), Banyumas (coconut), and Pangandaran (coconut) in Java. Adult beetles were obtained using pheromone traps (SEAT Ungaran) and manual collection (Banyumas and Pangandaran), then measured for 20 external characters, including body, pronotum, elytra, antennae, scutellum, and leg segments. Morphometric data were analyzed using t-tests to compare sexes within locations and analysis of variance, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level to compare populations among locations. Several characters, particularly horn length, pronotum size, and hind leg segments, differed significantly between males and females at each site. In addition, body length, pronotum width, elytra length, and hind leg tibia length showed significant differences among populations from SEAT Ungaran, Banyumas, and Pangandaran. These characters are informative for distinguishing local populations of O. rhinoceros and provide baseline morphometric data to support location-specific management strategies for this pest.