JURNAL AGRONOMI TANAMAN TROPIKA (JUATIKA)

Fluctuations in Fruit Fly Population (Bactrocera spp.) and Its Relationship to Environmental Conditions in Red Guava Plantations in Sidoarjo Regency

Indra Djiwanata, Noni Rahmadhini, Herry Nirwanto — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Crystal guava (Psidium guajava) is a superior variety cultivated in Indonesia. A major constraint in crystal guava production is the high incidence of pest attacks, particularly from fruit flies. This study was conducted in a red guava orchard located in Sidoarjo Regency and Jalan Simorejosari A IV/17 during the period from July to August. The research employed a survey method involving the installation of attractant traps and purposive sampling to collect infested fruit for host rearing. Both trapping and host rearing were used to monitor the fruit fly population. Trapping was carried out by installing attractant traps at five predetermined plots, positioned at a height of 1.5 meters and spaced 20 meters apart. Fruit fly rearing involved collecting infested fruit using purposive sampling from the same five plots, then incubating until adult flies emerged. The fruit fly species attacking the red guava orchard was identified as Bactrocera dorsalis. Independent t-test analysis revealed significant differences between the populations of trapped fruit flies and those obtained from host rearing. The emergence rate of fruit fly adults from host rearing exhibited a negative correlation with the trapped fruit fly population, described by the regression equation Y = 359.282 – 7.2146X. Path analysis indicated that rainfall positively correlates with temperature and humidity, while temperature negatively correlates with humidity. Additionally, rainfall and humidity negatively correlate with the trapped fruit fly population, whereas temperature shows a positive correlation.

Analysis of Lead (PB) Metal Content in Soil and Peanut Seeds Arachis hypogaea With the Application of Coal Ash Fly Ash and Bottom Ash (FABA) in Post-Tin Mining Land

Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The increase of heavy metal content in post-mining land is one of the main challenges in using tin mine tailings for agricultural activities. This study aimed to determine lead changes (Pb) concentrations in tin mine tailings after the application of Faba (fly ash–bottom ash) and the cultivation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and to evaluate the potential for Pb accumulation in peanut seeds. The experiment was conducted using five levels of Faba application (0; 15; 30; 45; and 60 tons/ha) on tin mine tailings, followed by peanut cultivation for one growing season. The results showed that Faba application increased total soil Pb concentration from 0.09 mg/kg (without Faba) to 19.58 mg/kg (60 tons/ha). However, after peanut cultivation, soil Pb content in all treatments decreased to below the AAS detection limit (< 8.73 mg/kg). Analysis of peanut seeds revealed that Pb levels were also below the detection limit (< 0.165 mg/kg), indicating no significant Pb accumulation in the seeds. This study demonstrates that applying Faba at certain doses can modify the chemical characteristics of mine tailings, and that peanut cultivation has the potential to reduce soil Pb levels through absorption and immobilization mechanisms. The key finding of this study is that combining Faba application at 30–45 tons/ha with peanut cultivation effectively reduces soil Pb content without increasing contamination in harvested seeds. Furthermore, peanut seeds remain safe for consumption due to their very low Pb concentration. Therefore, integrating Faba-based amelioration with the cultivation of excluder or phytoremediation plants, such as peanuts, is recommended as an environmentally friendly tailings reclamation strategy that supports sustainable food security.

Soil Quality Study Of Pomelo (Citrus Maxima (Burm) Merr) Plantation in Padanglampe Village, Pangkajene Regency

Asmita Ahmad, Andi Ravita Sari Musrini, Nurul Fajeriana — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Pamelo orange plants represent a significant horticultural commodity with substantial economic value and are extensively cultivated in Pangkajene Regency. The quality of Pamelo fruit in Padanglampe Village varies, with some fruits being sweet and others slightly sour, suggesting that differing soil conditions may influence fruit quality. This study aims to investigate the soil quality of Pamelo plants in Padanglampe Village, Ma'rang District, Pangkajene Regency. A quantitative descriptive method was employed, involving the collection of secondary data, field surveys, primary data collection through soil sampling, and laboratory analysis of minimum data sets (pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, organic carbon, and exchangeable potassium). Soil quality indices were analyzed using statistical tests, including principal component analysis (PCA). The findings indicated that soil pH was slightly acidic, organic carbon content was low, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels were categorized as medium. Correlation tests revealed a significant negative correlation at the 1% alpha level between bulk density and porosity, while organic carbon and soil pH were positively correlated at the 5% alpha level. The scree plot showed three eigenvalues corresponding to the main components in PCA1, PCA2, and PCA3 analyses, which can be further examined to determine the Soil Quality Index (SQI) value. The SQI-PC1 value of 0.55 was categorized as moderate, while the SQI-PC2 and SQI-PC3 values were classified as very low. However, the comprehensive soil quality index (CSQI) value was 0.97, indicating outstanding soil quality. This finding suggests that Padanglampe Village has highly favorable soil conditions for pomelo cultivation, though improved management practices are needed to sustain optimal production. The primary strength of this study lies in integrating chemical and physical soil indicators into a single comprehensive index, providing a more holistic assessment of land suitability for pomelo cultivation. Based on these findings, it is recommended that farmers prioritize areas with high SQI values as primary zones for pomelo development and implement sustainable soil management practices, particularly by increasing soil organic matter content and applying appropriate fertilizer management, to maintain soil quality and ensure the long-term sustainability of pomelo production.

Soil Compaction in Oil Palm (Elaies guineensis Jacq.) Plantations: A literature review

Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Soil compaction is becoming a serious issue in oil palm plantations due to the escalating mechanization and more intensive field practices. This review consolidates studies into the source, effects and remediation of compaction in order to gain an insight into how soil degradation affects oil palm growth and yield. A systematic review was conducted of studies in tropical and subtropical systems that applied field experiments, geostatistical mapping, and below-ground soil biological analyses. The results indicate that compaction is primarily influenced by mechanism lightening intensity, texture and water status resulting in an increase of bulk density and penetration resistance as well as a reduction of porosity. Even though root biomass reduction and root structural modification frequently take place in compaction treatments, yield response is not always detrimental, partial compensation has been demonstrated by others through acclimation of roots altering growth. Mechanical subsoiling, biological amendments and controlled traffic farming were the most effective mitigation options, but their long-term effects and interactions with soil microbiota are still unknown. Additionally, compaction changes the soil microbial community and chemistry, which results in nutrient cycling disturbances and greenhouse gas emissions. On the whole, these syntheses point to requirements for more integrated ecological and long-term management strategies, combining both physical and biological aspects of soil health and oil palm productivity in tropical landscape overall.

Proximate Analysis And Growth Performance Of Local Upland Rice (Oriza Sativa. L) Treated With Various Doses Of Fish Waste–Secondary Vegetation Bokashi On Marginal Lands Of Small Islands

Wa Ode Hinarti, Anshar, Samsibar — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an essential food crop and a primary staple for most Indonesian people. One of the potential rice types that can be developed in small island regions is local upland rice, which is known for its strong adaptability to marginal soils and drought conditions. This study aimed to determine the effect of various doses of fish-waste and secondary-vegetation bokashi on the growth of two local upland rice cultivars, Paewuna (Muna Island) and Wakawondu (Buton Island). The research was conducted in Lupia Village, Kabangka Subdistrict, Muna Regency, from July to October 2025. A factorial randomized block design (RBD) was used, consisting of four bokashi doses: without bokashi (P0), 10 ton ha⁻¹, 20 ton ha⁻¹, and 30 ton ha⁻¹, combined with two cultivars: Wakawondu and Paewuna. Growth parameters observed included plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, leaf length, and leaf width at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after planting (WAP). The results of the study showed that the application of bokashi had a highly significant effect on plant height and leaf length of local upland rice at 4 and 6 weeks after planting (WAP), and on leaf width at 8 WAP, but had no significant effect on plant height at 8 WAP, tiller number at 4 WAP, and the number of leaves at 4, 6, and 8 WAP. The application of 20 tons ha⁻¹ bokashi produced the best plant growth. Furthermore, the effect of cultivar differences showed that the cultivars had a highly significant effect on plant height and leaf length at 4, 6, and 8 WAP, tiller number at 4 WAP, and the number of leaves at 4 and 6 WAP, and a significant effect on tiller number at 6 WAP. The Paewuna cultivar demonstrated superior growth performance compared to the Wakawondu cultivar. Proximate analysis indicated that both Wakawondu and Paewuna cultivars contain high nutritional value, with carbohydrate content ranging from 24–29%, protein 6–8%, fat 1–2%, and crude fiber 8–9%, and are categorized as good for consumption as a community food source.

Effects of LED Light Duration and Growing Media on Growth of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala) Microgreens

Hafizh Raihan, Susiyanti, Sulastri Isminingsih, Alfu Laila — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Kale (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala) is a plant that has good adaptability to various environmental conditions, and can be cultivated throughout the year with relatively simple cultivation. This study investigated the effects of LED light exposure duration (9, 12, and 15 hours/day) and various growing media (cocopeat, rice husk charcoal, and rockwool) on the growth of kale microgreens (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala) in a controlled indoor environment. Using a split-plot design, key parameters including plant height, leaf number, leaf greenness index, and fresh weight were evaluated over 14 days after planting (DAP). Results indicated that cocopeat significantly enhanced plant height (up to 10.76 cm) and fresh weight (0.55 g), while rockwool promoted superior leaf greenness (22.10 units) and leaf count (2.22 leaves). Longer light exposure (15 hours) improved leaf number, greenness, and fresh weight, with significant interactions observed in leaf count. These findings highlight optimal conditions for urban farming, supporting efficient nutrient-rich microgreen production amid declining agricultural land.

Increasing Cucumber Plant (Cucumis sativus L.) Growth and Production by Providing NPK Phonska and Gibberellin (GA3)

Alfrida Azizah, Rusmana, Imas Rohmawati, Alfu Laila — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 13:01:11 +0700

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a plant that has various advantages, one of which is a relatively short harvest period. This study was conducted to determine the most effective dose of NPK Phonska fertilizer and the optimal concentration of gibberellin growth regulator (GA3) to increase the growth and productivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants. This study was conducted from May to August 2025 at the Puri Serang Hijau, Serang City, Banten. The experiment was designed as a randomized block design with two treatment factors: the dose of NPK Phonska fertilizer (0, 350, 400, and 450 kg/ha) and the concentration of GA3 (0, 150, 175, and 200 ppm). The results showed that a single application of NPK Phonska fertilizer at a dose of 400 kg/ha gave the best effect on the growth and productivity of cucumber. This was reflected in greater plant height and more leaves, compared to other doses. The application of a single GA3 at a concentration of 200 ppm improved plant reproductive characteristics, such as accelerated flowering time. This study highlights the age of flower emergence and harvest age according to the varieties used as research objects.

Increasing the Growth and Production of Pakcoy Plants (Brassica rapa L.) with Variations in Planting Media in Hydroponic Systems

Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) is a short-lived leafy vegetable with high nutrient requirements and is highly responsive to environmental conditions, making it well-suited for cultivation using hydroponic systems. Additionally, the limited availability of agricultural land in urban areas due to land conversion necessitates efficient cultivation methods that do not rely on soil. Hydroponic systems offer more precise control over nutrient management and the growing environment compared to conventional soil-based cultivation, potentially increasing production efficiency on limited land. The success of hydroponic pakcoy production is significantly influenced by the type of growing medium, which supports root development, maintains water availability, and facilitates aeration and nutrient absorption. Therefore, research on various growing media is essential to identify the most effective medium for enhancing pakcoy plant growth and yield. This study aims to: 1) determine the effect of various growing media on the growth and production of pakcoy plants in hydroponic systems (Brassica rapa L.); and 2) identify the best alternative growing medium for optimizing the growth and production of pakcoy in hydroponic cultivation. The research was conducted from May to July 2025 in the greenhouse of the Payakumbuh State Agricultural Polytechnic, Harau District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra. This study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with a non-factorial approach. The factor studied was the growing media, consisting of seven treatments: rockwool, bamboo humus, coconut fiber, chopped fern, rockwool + bamboo humus, rockwool + coconut fiber, and rockwool + chopped fern. The parameters observed included plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, root length, and fresh plant weight. The results indicated that variations in growing media significantly affected the growth and production of Pakcoy plants in the hydroponic system. The combination of rockwool and coconut fiber as planting media yielded the best results for Pakcoy plant growth and production. Therefore, the optimal alternative planting media for Pakcoy growth and production in the hydroponic system was rockwool combined with coconut fiber.

Increasing the Growth and Yield of Local Rice Varieties and Improving Soil Chemical Properties in Peatlands with Dolomite Application

Sari Susanti, Meli Roslianti — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Rice is a staple food crop for many people. However, rice production has been declining annually. If this decline continues, it could lead to a food crisis in Indonesia. The expansion of non-agricultural development has left the remaining agricultural land less fertile, particularly peat soils. This study was conducted on peatland in Tanah Putih District, Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors was used. The first factor was dolomite lime dose at four levels: 0, 5, 10, and 15 tons per hectare. The second factor was rice variety, consisting of three levels: Inpari 32, Caredek, and Rotan. It resulted in 12 treatment combinations, each with three replications, for a total of 36 experimental units. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at the 5% significance level. Treatments showing significant differences were further analyzed using Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the 5% level. The results showed that the Caredek variety had the highest values for total tiller number, productive tiller number, and 1000-grain weight. The Inpari variety performed best in plant height, number of grains per panicle, and harvest age. However, dolomite application had no significant effect on any of the observed parameters. The study concluded that the Caredek variety is more adaptable to peat soils than the local Rotan variety.

Increasing the Growth and Production of Purple Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) by Providing Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) from Market Waste Enriched with Maja Fruit

Willi, Elfi Indrawanis , Chairil Ezward — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Eggplant is widely appreciated as a food source across all levels of society and is among the most popular dishes in various communities. Therefore, the growth and production of eggplant require fertilizers to supply essential nutrients. Fertilizer materials can utilize potential waste, such as market waste. To increase the phosphorus content in liquid organic fertilizer, it can be enriched with maja fruit. Liquid organic fertilizer derived from market waste, consisting of vegetables and fruits, contains high levels of nitrogen, which is a fundamental component of protein and chlorophyll in plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of applying liquid organic fertilizer (POC) made from market waste enriched with maja fruit on the growth and production of purple eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The experimental research employed a Non-Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments were as follows: A0 – no POC application; A1 – POC concentration of 100 ml per liter of water; A2 – POC concentration of 200 ml per liter of water; and A3 – POC concentration of 300 ml per liter of water. The results showed significant effects on flowering and harvest age. The treatment that produced the best results across all parameters was A2, which involved applying market waste POC enriched with maja fruit at a concentration of 200 ml per liter of water. However, this treatment did not significantly affect plant height (cm), fruit weight per plant (grams), or the number of fruits per plant. The liquid organic fertilizer produced contains high levels of essential nutrients, such as boron (B) and iron (Fe), which accelerate the generative phase, including flowering, thereby advancing the plant's harvest age. Reason: The text was revised to improve clarity, coherence, and technical accuracy. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors were corrected. Vocabulary was enhanced for better readability and precision, and sentence structure was refined to ensure a smooth flow and a professional tone appropriate for scientific writing.

The Influence of Soil Chemical Properties on Palm Oil Production (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) on Dry Acid Mineral Soil in Rokan Hulu Regency

Sri Syahputri, Afdhal, Boris Kaido, Feri Agriani, Fajar Aga Wandana — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of Indonesia's leading commodities, significantly contributing to the national GDP, foreign exchange earnings, and tax revenues. As the world’s largest producer and exporter of crude palm oil (CPO), Indonesia’s palm oil industry plays a strategic role in maintaining economic stability and global competitiveness. Oil palm productivity is influenced by various factors, including soil chemical properties, particularly in mineral soils with varying fertility levels. This study aims to analyze the effect of soil chemical properties on oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production in Rokan Hulu Regency, Riau Province. The parameters analyzed include soil pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS), and macronutrient availability (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). The research methodology involves secondary data collection from plantation companies, multiple linear regression analysis, and Duncan's test to determine the effect of each soil parameter on oil palm production. The results indicate that soil chemical properties, including pH, CEC, BS, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, significantly affect oil palm productivity. Optimal production was observed in soils with a pH of 4.9–6.5, high CEC (>3.8 cmol(+)/kg), and base saturation above 16.3%. The low nutrient content at the study site highlights the need for soil fertility management through liming and organic fertilizers. The study outputs include soil chemical property maps, soil-parameter-based models for predicting oil palm production, and recommendations for mineral soil management to optimize production.

Increasing the Growth and Yield of Green Bean Plants (Vigna radiata L.) by Providing Fly Ash and Organic Materials in Ultisol Soil

Nursiani Lubis, Idwar, Fetmi Silvina, Via Permata Sari, Faizul Luthfi — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is an important source of plant-based protein; however, its production has been declining. Efforts to increase mung bean production can be achieved through land extensification and intensification. Extensification can be implemented by utilizing Ultisol soils, while intensification can be accomplished through the application of fly ash and organic amendments. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fly ash and organic amendments on the growth and yield of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) grown on Ultisol soil. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field and Soil Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, using three fly ash rates and four organic amendments. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the 5% significance level, using SAS software. Observed parameters included the number of filled pods, percentage of filled pods, dry seed weight per plant, root volume, and percentage of effective root nodules. The results showed that fly ash application increased soil pH and organic carbon content while reducing exchangeable aluminum (Al-dd). The application of cattle manure at different fly ash rates significantly increased the number and percentage of filled pods, dry seed weight per plant, root volume, and the percentage of effective root nodules. Fly ash application at rates of 12.5 and 25 g per polybag did not result in significant differences in the number of filled pods, percentage of filled pods, dry seed weight per plant, or root volume compared to the control, but it did significantly increase the percentage of effective root nodules. Overall, applying 25 g of cattle manure per polybag resulted in higher mung bean growth and yield on Ultisol soil than cattle urine or cattle manure bokashi across various fly ash rates.

Growth and Yield Performance of F1-Hybrid Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata) under Soil Drenching and Foliar Spray of Eco-Enzyme

Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Sweet corn is a horticultural crop with high economic value and steadily increasing market demand. However, sweet corn productivity in Indonesia remains relatively low, ranging from 8 to 10 tons per hectare, well below its genetic potential of 12 to 15 tons per hectare. This low productivity is attributed to several factors, including soil fertility degradation caused by unsustainable cultivation practices, pest and disease infestations, and limited farmer access to quality agricultural inputs at affordable prices. Sweet corn plants respond well to inorganic fertilizers; however, long-term use of these fertilizers can degrade soil quality and fertility, reduce microbial activity, and increase production costs. Moreover, excessive reliance on inorganic fertilizers leads to soil nutrient imbalances, reduced organic matter content, and adverse environmental impacts. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce this dependence, one of which involves utilizing eco-enzymes as an organic nutrient supplement. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and yield responses of Hybrid-F1 sweet corn plants to reduced NPK fertilizer doses, combined with eco-enzyme application via soil drenching and foliar spray. The study employed a Randomized Block Design with four replications and four treatment levels, comparing full NPK fertilizer doses, a 50% reduction in NPK fertilizer combined with eco-enzyme, and standalone eco-enzyme application. The results demonstrated significant improvements in fertilization efficiency, with the combination of a 50% reduction in NPK fertilizer and weekly applications of 1 ml/l eco-enzyme via soil drenching and foliar spray achieving optimal growth and production equivalent to full fertilization. Another important finding is that eco-enzyme can be used independently without inorganic fertilizers; plants still grew normally and produced ears, although yields were relatively lower. For best results, it is recommended to use a combination of a 50% reduction in NPK fertilizer dose and eco-enzyme application through both soil drenching and foliar spray. This approach not only reduces production costs by up to 50% but also promotes more sustainable and environmentally friendly cultivation practices.

Impact of Foliar Fertilizer Application on Three Genotypes Corn (Zea mays) Nutrient Efficient in Tidal Lands

Andesta, Ida Aryani, Midranisiah, Neni Marlina — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Corn is a strategic food commodity with increasing demand, necessitating enhanced production through optimized fertilization, especially in marginal lands such as tidal areas. This study aims to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilizer application on three corn genotypes and its impact on nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in tidal lands. A split-plot design with three factors was employed: the first factor was corn genotype; the second factor was urea fertilizer dose (0 kg, 255 kg, and 310 kg per hectare); and the third factor was foliar fertilizer treatment, which included no spraying (control), spraying on the 30th day, the 45th day, both the 30th and 45th days, the 60th day, the 75th day, and both the 60th and 75th days. Each treatment was replicated three times. The results indicated that applying 300 kg of urea fertilizer per hectare, combined with foliar fertilizer, positively influenced the growth of the G3 corn genotype and resulted in a high yield in tidal lands. This treatment produced 7.44 tons of corn per hectare, a significant increase compared to other treatments, making it an efficient strategy for enhancing corn productivity in tidal areas. It is recommended that farmers in tidal regions use a combination of 300 kg urea per hectare and foliar fertilizer applications to optimize corn yields.

Effectiveness of Various Fertilizers on Hybrid Corn (Zea mays L.) in Dry Land

Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Dry land has significant potential for cultivating hybrid corn. However, its limitations include water scarcity, poor soil physical properties, and limited availability of NPK nutrients. To improve dryland conditions, organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, and organic fertilizers enriched with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can be applied. The use of organic fertilizers—such as chicken manure and empty oil palm bunches (tankos)—as well as organic fertilizers enriched with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, can enhance soil quality by improving its physical structure (making the soil looser and more fertile) and chemically increasing nutrient availability, thereby supporting better growth and yield of hybrid corn plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various fertilizer types on the growth and productivity of hybrid corn cultivated on dry land. The field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments, each replicated six times: recommended chemical fertilizers (A), chicken manure fertilizer (B), organic fertilizer enriched with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (C), and empty oil palm bunches (tankos) fertilizer (D). The highest yield was achieved using the recommended chemical fertilizer, producing 3.42 kg per plot (13.68 tons per hectare). The second highest yield was obtained with organic fertilizer enriched with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, yielding 2.98 kg per plot (11.92 tons per hectare). The third-highest yield came from chicken manure fertilizer, producing 2.67 kg per plot (10.68 tons per hectare), followed by tankos fertilizer at 2.2 kg per plot (8.8 tons per hectare). The novel finding of this study is that organic fertilizer enriched with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, without the addition of inorganic fertilizers, can achieve yields comparable to those obtained with recommended chemical fertilizers. While inorganic fertilizers are effective in increasing hybrid corn yields in the short term, their long-term use may negatively impact the environment and soil fertility. Therefore, organic fertilizer enriched with Azospirillum bacteria presents a more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative.

Diversity Assessment of Selected Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Accessions using Microsatellite Markers

Wed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a multipurpose plant that has a very high level of cultivar diversity Almost all parts of the coconut plant, (Cocos nucifera L.) can be utilized and provide benefits for human life, In the fruit, from the skin to the coconut water, each has different functions and uses. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of selected coconut varieties. A total of 12 microsatellite markers were used to assess genetic diversity, 293 coconut individuals consisting of 19 coconut varieties, A total of 63 alleles were detected with an average of 5.25 alleles per locus. Polymorphic information content, (PIC) ranged from 0.1518 (C22) to 0.6778 (C2) with an average of 0.3546 per locus. Pairwise genetic distances ranged from 0.0361 (Malayan Red Dwarf-Malayan Green Dwarf) to 0.6585 (Malayan Yellow Dwarf-Rotuman). This value indicates a high similarity between the varieties Malayan Red Dwarf and MGD. The neighbor dendogram shows that the tall varieties Laguna, Rotuman, Markham, and Kar Kar are clustered together. Meanwhile, all dwarf varieties (MRD, MGD, MYD, Nias, Catigan, and CRD) are clustered together with the dwarf x dwarf hybrids Careca and Careni. These results provide important insights for future breeding activities and conservation management programs