JURNAL AGRONOMI TANAMAN TROPIKA (JUATIKA)

Analysis of the Effect of Sunlight Intensity on Leaf Spot Disease (Cercospora sp) in Edamame Plants (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in Oil Palm Intercropping Systems

Muhammad Akbar Maulana, Guntoro — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Edamame (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important agricultural commodity in Indonesia, with increasing market demand both domestically and for export. One of the major biotic constraints in edamame cultivation is leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora sp. Environmental factors, particularly sunlight intensity and temperature, significantly influence the development of this disease. High sunlight intensity can reduce uredospore viability and limit fungal infection, while shaded or low-light conditions promote pathogen development due to increased humidity. This research aims to analyze the effect of sunlight intensity on the development of leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora sp. in edamame plants. The study was conducted at the experimental field of the Indonesian Palm Oil Institute, Medan, from March to May 2026. Parameters observed include disease incidence, disease intensity using a scoring scale, sunlight intensity measured with a lux meter, and temperature. The data were analyzed using ANOVA in SPSS. Results showed that disease intensity increased progressively from 0.02 to 0.60, and disease incidence reached 100% by early May 2026. Conidium count correlated positively and significantly with disease intensity (r = 0.747, p < 0.05), while sunlight intensity showed a weak, non-significant negative correlation (r = -0.143, p = 0.347). Multiple regression analysis (F = 30.083, p = 0.000) confirmed the significant simultaneous effect of both variables, with conidia count being the dominant factor in disease development.

Earthworm (Lumbricus) Feeding on Rubellus and Cabbage Waste on Purple Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Gusmawartati, Joehari Jamili, Agridifa Anugerah Had — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a widely consumed vegetable in Indonesia, both as a fresh salad and in various prepared dishes. This vegetable is rich in nutrients, particularly vitamin A and phosphorus, and can help improve the nutritional diversity of the population. In Riau Province, average eggplant productivity has declined, necessitating improvements to the production system to meet steadily rising demand. This study aims to investigate the interaction between earthworm application and cabbage residue and to identify the combination that produces the best eggplant plants. The experiment used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor was earthworm application (0, 20, and 30 earthworms per polybag). The second factor was cabbage residue application (0, 420 g, and 630 g per polybag). The observed parameters included plant height, days to flowering, days to first harvest, fruit length, fruit diameter, and fruit weight. The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA); if the calculated F-value exceeded the table F-value, the analysis continued with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the 5% significance level. The results showed that there was no significant interaction between the two factors for any of the observed parameters. However, individually, the application of 30 earthworms and 630 g of cabbage waste tended to produce the best growth and yield. Based on the research results, it is recommended to use a combination of 30 earthworms and 630 g of cabbage waste.

Analysis of N, P, K Content in Soil Planted with Edamame Beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) As an Intercrop on Land Where Oil Palm Plants Have Not Yet Produced

Raisya Nazwa Auliandri, Dina Arfianti Saragih — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Edamame beans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) are legumes with potential as intercrops because they can help improve soil fertility through their effects on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content. This study aims to determine the changes in soil nutrient content—specifically nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—before and after planting edamame beans as intercrops on oil palm immature plants (TBM). The research was conducted on smallholder oil palm TBM land in Bukit Lawang Bahorok, Langkat Regency, from May 2025 to May 2026, using descriptive statistical methods. Edamame was planted on five beds measuring 1 m × 10 m, with 1,500 seeds of the Japanese variety Ryoko 75. During the study, no fertilizer or mulch was applied, but weeding was carried out periodically to maintain plant growth. Laboratory analysis of soil samples assessed the nutrient content of N, P, and K before and after planting. The results showed that nitrogen content decreased from 0.07% to 0.06%, while phosphorus content decreased from 19.78 ppm to 11.87 ppm. These decreases likely occurred because plants absorbed high levels of nutrients during vegetative and generative growth. Meanwhile, potassium content increased from 0.06 me/100 g to 0.15 me/100 g. The primary advantage of this system is its high productivity, yielding 3,068 kg of edamame without any fertilizer or mulch application, demonstrating excellent cost-efficiency. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that planting edamame beans as an intercrop on oil palm TBM land affects soil nutrient dynamics—particularly by increasing potassium content—though it did not significantly increase nitrogen and phosphorus levels during the study period. Therefore, it is highly recommended that farmers adopt this intercropping system to optimize land use and generate early income during the oil palm immature phase. However, a low-dose supplementary application of N and P fertilizers is advised to prevent soil nutrient depletion.

Population Census of Fire Caterpillars (Setora Nitens Walker) in Oil Palm Plantations (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) in the Begerpang Plantation of PT PP London Sumatera Indonesia TBK

Nurmala Aqsa, Ahmad Saleh, Makharani Sari Ginting — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The fire caterpillar Setora nitens Walker (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) is a major pest of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and causes significant economic losses through defoliation. This study aimed to analyze the population of S. nitens in two front observation schemes, PE1 (fronts 9, 17, 25) and PE2 (fronts 8, 16, 24), and to identify the dominant positions of larvae and the attack level as a basis for control. The study was conducted at Division 03 Naga Timbul, Begerpang Plantation of PT PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk., Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, from February to April 2026. Sample trees were determined using purposive sampling based on classifications of light, moderate, and heavy attacks, with parameters including the number of eggs, live larvae, dead larvae, and pupae on the sample tree and six surrounding trees. The highest population of live larvae was found in the heavy attack category, with 469 individuals (PE1) and 177 individuals (PE2), averaging 21.4 individuals per tree. The highest number of pupae reached 394 individuals in the same category, indicating a potential risk of population explosion in the next generation. The dominant larvae were found in positions 1A and 1B at the tips of the 9th and 17th leaf sheaths, on the underside of the leaf, while no eggs were observed during the study. This is the first empirical comparison of the effectiveness of PE1 and PE2 in the field, as well as the establishment of the most representative anatomical positions of the leaf sheaths as a reference for standardizing pest censuses. It is recommended that control measures be prioritized in blocks with severe infestations, with monitoring focused on the 9th and 17th leaf sheaths at the tips of the underside of the leaf.

Causing Pathogens and Level of Attack of Leaf Spot Disease in The Main Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Nursery in North Labuhanbatu

Aycel Ginting, Muhammad Yusuf Dibisono, Guntoro — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Leaf spot disease is of constraint in oil palm nurseries because it can reduce quality and inhibit seedling growth of seedlings. This study aims to identify the pathogen causing leaf spot disease and determine the percentage and intensity of attacks in the main oil palm nurseries owned by the community in North Labuhanbatu Regency. The study used survey methods and purposive sampling in Kualuh Hulu, Kualuh Selatan, and NA IX-X districts. Symptomatic leaf samples were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media and identified based on macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics. The results showed that Curvularia sp. is the pathogen causing leaf spot disease, while Alternaria sp. and Aureobasidium sp. are associated fungi. The percentage of attacks increased in the three districts, respectively, from 19.30% to 26.31%, 17.33% to 23.66%, and 29.57% to 35.94%. Attack intensity increased from 8.21% to 11.15%, 7.46% to 10.60%, and 13.68% to 16.46%. NA IX-X showed the highest attack rate. The results can serve as a basis for monitoring leaf spot disease in oil palm nurseries.

Morphological Characterization of Coelogyne asperata Lindl. in Kuantan Singingi Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia

Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Coelogyne asperata Lindl. is a tropical orchid with distinctive vegetative and reproductive characteristics and considerable potential for ornamental cultivation and conservation. However, detailed morphological information on this species remains limited, particularly for populations in Riau Province, Indonesia. This study aimed to characterize the morphological traits of C. asperata based on quantitative characteristics of vegetative and reproductive organs. The study was conducted in Kuantan Singingi Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, using a descriptive observational approach. Six healthy and mature individuals were selected through purposive sampling, with three measurement replicates. Morphological observations included roots, pseudobulbs, leaves, inflorescences, and flowers, following standard orchid taxonomic descriptors. The results showed that C. asperata exhibited relatively large vegetative structures, with mean leaf length and width of 55.00 ± 2.00 and 13.00 ± 1.50 cm, respectively. Mean pseudobulb length and width were 14.00 ± 1.30 and 7.00 ± 0.50 cm, respectively. The root system comprised 31.00 ± 2.00 primary roots with a mean length of 25.00 ± 2.00 cm and 24.00 ± 2.00 secondary roots with a mean length of 9.00 ± 1.10 cm. The inflorescences produced an average of 10.00 ± 1.00 flowers per stalk. Overall, the observed morphological characteristics were consistent with the established descriptions of C. asperata and indicated well-developed vegetative and reproductive structures. These findings provide baseline morphological data supporting species identification, documentation, conservation, and future research on the cultivation and utilization of C. asperata.

Optimizing NPK Fertilizer Dosage and Planting Distance on the Growth and Yield of Bambara Bean Plants of Local Variety (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc)

Fitriyah Al Salamah, Widiwurjani , Didik Utomo Pribadi — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Bambara beans (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) are a horticultural crop belonging to the Fabaceae family. Production in Indonesia remains relatively low because of factors such as planting time, limited availability of bambara bean varieties—which causes farmers to rely on local varieties—and declining land productivity. This study aimed to determine the effects of NPK fertilizer doses and planting distances on the growth and yield of bambara beans (Vigna subterranea L.). We used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors. The first factor was the NPK fertilizer dose at five levels: 200 kg/ha, 300 kg/ha, 400 kg/ha, 500 kg/ha, and 600 kg/ha. The second factor was planting distance at three levels: 40 x 20 cm, 40 x 30 cm, and 40 x 40 cm. The results showed a significant interaction between NPK fertilizer dose and planting distance affecting plant height at 7–9 weeks after sowing, the number of flowers, and the fresh and dry weight of pods per plant. A single treatment of 400 kg/ha NPK fertilizer was optimal for plant height at 5–6 weeks after planting. The planting distance of 40 x 40 cm was most effective for increasing leaf number. The application of NPK fertilizer doses and planting distances individually had no significant effect on the number of gynophores or the number of pods per plant. The highest yield was observed at a planting distance of 40 x 30 cm combined with an NPK dose of 400 kg/ha, which can enhance productivity and yield. Therefore, this combination is recommended for cultivating local varieties of bambara beans.

Potential of Palm Oil Mill Effluent From 30 and 60 Tons Hour⁻¹ Mills as Nutrient Sources For Oil Palm (Elaeis guineesis Jacq.) Planations

Salfina Adha Panjaitan, Ika Ucha Pradifta Rangkuti — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is one of the main liquid wastes generated from palm oil processing industries and has high potential to cause environmental pollution if not properly managed. However, POME contains various macro- and micronutrients that can potentially be utilized as an organic liquid fertilizer for oil palm plantations. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of POME generated from palm oil mills with capacities of 30 tons hour⁻¹ and 60 tons hour⁻¹ as nutrient sources for oil palm cultivation. The research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method through laboratory analysis of macro- and micronutrient contents and statistical analysis using the Independent Samples T-Test. The observed macronutrients included nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca), while the micronutrients included boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). The results showed that POME from both mill capacities contained essential nutrients with different nutrient characteristics. POME from the 60 tons hour⁻¹ mill contained higher nitrogen and copper concentrations, indicating greater potential to support vegetative growth. In contrast, POME from the 30 tons hour⁻¹ mill contained higher potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, boron, and iron concentrations, which are more favorable for generative growth and fruit formation. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in most nutrient parameters between the two mill capacities. Overall, POME has considerable potential to be utilized as an organic liquid fertilizer to support sustainable oil palm plantation systems while reducing environmental pollution and dependence on inorganic fertilizers. A key advantage of this study is the identification of distinct nutrient profiles of POME produced by different mill capacities, allowing more targeted utilization according to oil palm growth stages. Therefore, POME from 60 tons h⁻¹ mills is recommended for vegetative growth enhancement, while POME from 30 tons h⁻¹ mills is more suitable for supporting reproductive growth and fruit development.

Analysis of Soil Heavy Metal Absorption with the Application of Biochar Based on Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Frond Waste

Lutfia amallya, Siti Aisyah — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Soil contamination by heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) is an environmental issue that degrades soil quality and poses risks to the health of living organisms. One strategy to reduce heavy metal mobility in soil is the use of biochar derived from biomass waste. This study aimed to analyze the uptake of Cd and Pb in soil following the application of biochar produced from oil palm frond waste via pyrolysis. The biochar was produced at temperatures of 350–400°C for 4 hours, then applied to the soil and incubated for one month. We analyzed heavy metal content using wet digestion, followed by measurements via atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and ICP-MS. The results demonstrated that the application of oil palm frond biochar reduced Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil through mechanisms such as adsorption, ion exchange, surface complexation, and precipitation. Key biochar characteristics—specifically high surface area, high porosity, and high cation exchange capacity—play a crucial role in immobilizing heavy metals, thereby reducing their bioavailability in the soil. The advantage of this research is that biochar from oil palm frond waste has proven to be highly effective in absorbing up to 100% of cadmium and also successfully reducing lead levels, using inexpensive, readily available, and environmentally friendly materials. This research also introduced innovation in the form of activating the biochar with eco-enzymes to enhance its absorption capacity. In addition to absorbing heavy metals, this biochar also improves soil fertility, providing dual benefits and supporting more sustainable agriculture. The analytical results were compared against the standards set by the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) to evaluate the safety of using the biochar as a soil amendment. The study indicates that oil palm frond biochar can serve as an eco-friendly adsorbent for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soil while offering a sustainable alternative for managing oil palm biomass waste.

Effectiveness of Organic Fertilizer and Rhizobium Biofertilizer in Improving Soybean Growth and Yield (Glycine max L. Merrill)

Muhammad Rizwan, Fitra Syawal Harahap, Nazrey Ridlla Sinaga — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Soybean productivity in Indonesia remains constrained by declining soil fertility and inefficient nutrient management. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Sokom organic fertilizer and Rhizobium biofertilizer, applied individually and in combination, on the growth and productivity of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). The experiment was conducted from October to December 2024 at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of North Sumatra, Medan, Indonesia, using a factorial randomized block design with four organic-fertilizer rates (0, 20, 25, and 30 tons/ha) and three Rhizobium application methods (control, seed soaking, and soil application). Observed parameters included plant height, flowering age, filled and empty pods, seeds per plant, and yield per plot. Organic fertilizer significantly affected yield, with the highest mean yield of 3.16 kg/plot at 20 tons/ha. Rhizobium seed soaking significantly accelerated flowering to 27.33 days. The interaction between organic fertilizer and Rhizobium significantly affected seeds per plant and yield, and the combination of 20 tons/ha Sokom with soil-applied Rhizobium produced the highest observed yield of 3.43 kg/plot. The principal advantage of this treatment was its ability to combine a moderate organic-fertilizer rate with biological nitrogen fixation, providing a practical option for reducing dependence on synthetic nitrogen fertilizer. For farmers under similar agroecological conditions, 20 tons/ha Sokom combined with soil-applied Rhizobium is recommended as the most promising treatment, subject to local validation and economic assessment.

Enhancement of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Seed Viability Using Various Types of Organic Storage Media and Storage Durations

Kharisma Ainun Nadifa, Nova Triani, Didik Utomo Pribadi — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a recalcitrant seed that has a short shelf life and is susceptible to decreased viability during storage. This study aims to determine the effect of the type of organic storage media and storage duration on the viability of cocoa seeds. The experiment used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, namely the type of storage media (cocopeat, rice husk charcoal, and sawdust) and storage duration (7, 14, 21, and 28 days), plus one control treatment (direct sowing). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, and when significant effects were observed, the BNJ test was performed at the 5% level. Observed variables included germination power, maximum growth potential, fresh weight of sprouts, and sprout length. The combination of storage media type and storage duration did not provide significant interactions with any of the observed variables. Cocopeat storage media produced the best values for all parameters compared with rice husk charcoal and sawdust, with 67% germination power and a maximum growth potential of 86%. A 7-day storage period gave the best results compared to other storage treatments. The control treatment consistently produced the highest values for all variables. The advantage of this study is the information obtained regarding effective organic storage media for maintaining cocoa seed viability during storage. It was concluded that cocopeat storage media with a 7-day storage period was the best combination in maintaining cocoa seed viability. Therefore, the use of cocopeat with a maximum storage period of 7 days is recommended for farmers, seed breeders, and cocoa cultivators to maintain seed quality before planting.

Factors Affecting the Productivity of Oil Palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq at PTPN IV Regional II Gunung Bayu Plantation

Putri Fazirah Rahman, Tuty Ningsih — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Oil palm is a strategic plantation commodity that is the main source of world vegetable oil and serves as the backbone of foreign exchange in Indonesia's agricultural sector. This study analyzes the factors that influence oil palm productivity at PTPN IV Regional II Gunung Bayu Plantation, Simalungun Regency. The research uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression supported by SPSS. The data comprises primary data obtained from field observations and secondary data from the company over a period of five years. The results indicate that, partially, rainfall, plant age, fertilizer use, pesticide use, and labor have a significant effect on productivity. Among these, plant age is the most dominant variable. Collectively, all variables have a significant effect, and the regression model is suitable. The R-squared value shows the model explains 68.9% of the variation. The number of plants does not significantly affect productivity. Interestingly, the use of fertilizers and pesticides negatively affects productivity. Labor, however, has a significant positive effect on oil palm yields. The strength of this study lies in the use of monthly time series data over 60 periods, which produces a predictive model with high accuracy, thereby providing a more comprehensive and dynamic picture than studies based on annual data. In conclusion, integrated management of production factors is necessary to increase plantation productivity sustainably. These results are highly relevant for oil palm plantation management.

Environmental Influence on the Dominance of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria (Bacillus subtillis) and Mycorrhizal Fungi (Acaulospora spp. and Glomus spp.) on the former mining land of PT. SIG TUBAN

Adi Rastono, Masrur Muzadi — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Post-mining land generally experiences a decline in soil quality, which impacts microbial activity. This study aims to analyze the influence of environmental factors and soil physicochemical properties on the dominance of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the post-mining land of PT Semen Indonesia (SIG) Tuban. The study was conducted in three zones: Zone A (new excavation), Zone B (transition), and Zone C (revegetation). The parameters observed included environmental factors, soil physicochemical properties, Bacillus subtilis population, AMF spore count, and root colonization. Results showed that the highest Bacillus subtilis population was found in Zone B, at 5.2 × 10⁶ CFU/g of soil. In contrast, the highest AMF spores (360 spores/100 g of soil) with 68% root colonization were found in Zone C. Soil conditions with a pH of 7.0, 3.5% organic carbon, and 50% porosity were shown to support the development of these microorganisms. Therefore, revegetation combined with the addition of organic materials and the use of AMF and Bacillus subtilis is recommended to accelerate soil fertility restoration in post-mining land.

Characterization of the Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium oxysporum Causing Root Rot in Avocado Plants (Persea americana Mill.) in Buleleng Regency

Pande Made Giopany, I Gede Rai Maya Temaja, Gusti Ngurah Alit Susanta Wirya — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is one of the horticultural commodities with significant economic value, and its production has increased in Buleleng Regency. Root rot disease is of major constraint in avocado production, alongside weather and climate factors. This study aims to determine the species of pathogenic fungi causing root rot that infect avocado plants in Buleleng Regency, based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis, and phylogenetics. The methods used in this study include: (1) observation and sampling of plants; (2) isolation of pathogenic fungi; (3) pathogenicity tests; (4) macroscopic and microscopic morphological identification; (5) molecular identification through PCR using ITS1–ITS4 primers; and (6) phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 11 software version 11.0.13. We successfully obtained isolates from symptomatic avocado root samples collected from five locations, namely Wanagiri, Gesing, and Madenan. The results of the pathogenicity tests showed that the Gesing isolate was able to produce symptoms similar to root rot in the field on healthy avocado seedlings. Based on morphological characteristics, as well as molecular and phylogenetic analyses, we identified the isolate as Fusarium oxysporum. This study is the first scientific report on the characterization of pathogenic fungi associated with root rot disease in avocado plants in Buleleng Regency. The information obtained can serve as a reference for diagnosing and monitoring of root rot disease in avocado plants, as well as a basis for developing appropriate disease management strategies.

Characterization of the Pathogenic Fungus Phytophthora palmivora, the Cause of Stem Rot Disease in Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) in Buleleng Regency, Bali

I Gede Subudi, Gusti Ngurah Alit Susanta Wirya, I Putu Sudiarta — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) is a horticultural commodity with high economic value in Buleleng Regency. However, its development faces obstacles from stem rot disease, which can reduce productivity and even cause plant death. This study aims to identify the pathogen causing durian stem rot through isolation of pathogenic fungi, pathogenicity tests, morphological characterization, and molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Samples were taken from symptomatic durian plants in the production center of Buleleng Regency. Six isolates were successfully isolated from plants with stem rot symptoms, namely Srt001, Srt002, Srt003, Kbt001, Bsb001, and Swn001, and then tested for pathogenicity on durian seedlings of the Otong variety. Only isolate Srt003 re-emerged with typical symptoms of reddish-brown gummosis on the stem 30 days after inoculation. Identification of morphological characters showed that isolate Srt003 formed grayish-white to transparent colonies with a stellate-radiate pattern and hyaline, coenocytic hyphae. Sporangia are ovoid to ellipsoid, some nearly globose, papillated, caducous, and measure approximately 40–60 × 21–46 µm. Sequence analysis of the rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that isolate Srt003 has a sequence identity of up to 99.60% with Phytophthora palmivora. The results showed that P. palmivora is a pathogen causing durian stem rot in Buleleng Regency. This study is the first report of P. palmivora causing stem rot in Buleleng, Bali, based on morphological and molecular approaches.

Differences in Growth and Yield of Green Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Plants in Several Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Hydroponic Growing Media

Hasanudin, Aris Triyono, Yenny Iskandar, Deci Ririen — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Hydroponic plant cultivation is a modern technology and an alternative method in agriculture. This study aimed to determine the differences in growth and yield of mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.) using various hydroponic nutrient film technique (NFT) growing media. The research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Enha Lima garden from January to March 2026, utilizing a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four treatments and three replications. The four treatments included cocopeat, rice husk charcoal, a combination of cocopeat and rice husk charcoal, and rockwool. The results showed that the combination of cocopeat and rice husk charcoal produced the best plant height, as well as the highest number of leaves, fresh weight, and root weight. The optimal plant heights were 42.03 cm (14 days after planting, DAP), 32.93 cm (28 DAP), and 39.53 cm (35 DAP). The average number of leaves was 8.33 (14 DAP), 13 (28 DAP), and 14.67 (35 DAP). The best-performing plants had a fresh weight of 148.33 grams and a root weight of 3.67 grams. The combination of cocopeat and husk charcoal as planting media can serve as a promising alternative for growing mustard greens in hydroponic systems.

Analysis of N, P, K Content in Soil Planted with Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) as an Intercrop in Land Where Plants Have Not Yet Produced Palm Oil

Cristopher Alexandro Pakpahan, Dina Arfianti Saragih — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to analyze the content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrients in soil planted with soybean as an intercrop in immature oil palm plantations (TBM). The research was motivated by the need to optimize land utilization and improve soil fertility in immature oil palm plantations through sustainable intercropping practices. The study was conducted on smallholder oil palm TBM land in Bukit Lawang Bahorok, Langkat Regency, from May 2025 to February 2026. The researchers used descriptive statistical analysis. Researchers planted soybean on five planting beds measuring 1 m × 10 m, using 1,500 seeds of the Grobogan variety. Observations involved laboratory analysis of soil nutrient content before and after soybean planting. The results showed that nitrogen (N) content increased from 0.07% to 0.09%, phosphorus (P) content increased from 19.78 ppm to 21.12 ppm, and potassium (K) content increased from 0.06 me/100 g to 0.18 me/100 g. The increase in nutrient content was influenced by soil biological activity, the decomposition of plant residues, and the ability of soybean plants to enhance soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. Soybean production during the study was 11 kg, with a seed failure rate of 18.27%. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that planting soybean as an intercrop in immature oil palm plantations positively affects soil nutrient content—particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—thus supporting a more sustainable oil palm cultivation system.

Analysis of N, P, K in Land on Nuts Land (Arachis hypogaea L.) In Immature Oil Palm Plantation

Petrus Watcahya Pemilulius, Dina Arfianti Saragih — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are legumes that can improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium bacteria. Research on changes in soil nutrient content—specifically nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), before and after peanut planting, as well as root responses in coconut palm oil land, is important for establishing effective land management strategies. This study aims to determine the changes in nutrient content (N, P, and K) of land before and after planting peanuts as an intercrop in TBM land (land not yet producing) for coconut oil palm. The research was conducted at People's Garden Hill Bahorok Gate, Langkat Regency, from May 2025 to February 2026, using descriptive statistics. The researchers planted five beds with a total of 1,000 Gajah peanut seeds. The entire cultivation process was performed manually without the use of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, insecticides, or mulch, to assess the plant's natural ability to enhance soil nutrients. The results showed a peanut yield of 8.8 kg over three months, with 748 live plants. Soil analysis before planting indicated N content of 0.07%, P of 19.78 ppm, and K of 0.06 me/100 g. After planting, nutrient levels increased to N 0.08%, P 48.47 ppm, and K 0.19 me/100 g. The increase in nitrogen was influenced by the activity of Rhizobium bacteria. In contrast, the increases in phosphorus and potassium likely originated from the decomposition of organic matter and plant residues. This study shows that peanuts can increase soil fertility in oil palm TBM land while providing economic benefits for farmers.

Evaluation of Superoxide Dismutase Activity, Malondialdehyde Content, and Yield of Various Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Midlands West Sumatra

Meilani Rizki, Irfan Suliansyah, Warnita — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Developing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the midlands is an alternative way to expand cultivation areas in Indonesia, but relatively high environmental temperatures can increase oxidative stress and reduce crop productivity. This study aimed to evaluate superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and yield of various wheat genotypes in the midlands of West Sumatra. The experiment used a Completely Randomized Design with 14 genotypes and three replications. SOD activity and MDA content were analyzed descriptively, while yield per hectare was analyzed using analysis of variance followed by orthogonal contrast tests at a 5% significance level. SOD activity ranged from 0.42–1.25 units/g fw, while MDA content ranged from 1.65–3.58 μmol/g fw. Yields per hectare showed differences across the compared genotype groups, with GURI 1 producing the highest productivity of 1.70 tons/ha. This study provides information on the variation in physiological responses and productivity of various wheat genotypes in midland environments, thus providing a basis for identifying genotypes with better adaptation to high temperature stress. The GURI 1 genotype has the potential to be recommended for wheat cultivation development in the midland areas of West Sumatra. At the same time, SOD activity and MDA content can serve as physiological indicators to support selection and breeding programs for wheat adapted to relatively high-temperature environments.

Effectiveness of Arabica Coffee Seed Germination (Coffea arabica L.) with Various Combinations of Soaking Length and PGPR Concentration

Ananda Rohmatul Jannah, Sutini, Saefurrohman — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is a significant plantation commodity in Indonesia, ranking after oil palm, rubber, and cocoa. Despite Indonesia's status as one of the world's leading coffee producers, national coffee productivity remains relatively low compared to several other prominent coffee-producing countries. One promising approach to enhance seedling performance is biopriming with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). This study aims to identify the optimal soaking duration and PGPR concentration for Arabica coffee seed germination. The research was conducted from September to December 2025, with the experimental trials carried out at the Land of the Surabaya City Food and Agriculture Security Agency (DKPP) and at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Veteran National Development University of East Java. The experimental design employed was a two-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), comprising soaking time (12, 24, and 36 hours) and PGPR concentration (0, 15, 30, and 45 ml/L). We assessed seedling vigor index, root length, fresh seedling weight, and dry seedling weight. We analyzed the data using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level. The findings revealed significant interactions between soaking time and PGPR concentration affecting root length, seedling wet weight, and dry weight, indicating the importance of optimizing these factors to improve seedling growth performance.

Relationship between Soil Conservation Techniques, Topsoil Depth and Vegetation Density Growing in Oil Palm Plantation Areas in Plantation IV, Regional II, Marihat

Umar Bakri Hasibuan, Saroha Manurung, Aulia Juanda Djaingsastro — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to identify land conservation techniques and analyze the relationship between soil conservation techniques, topsoil depth, and weed density in coconut and palm oil plantations at PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV Marihat. The research was conducted in April–May 2026 using a descriptive method with a field survey approach. Samples were selected purposively based on the different conservation techniques applied to the land. Data were collected through field observations, measurements of topsoil depth, and analysis of weed vegetation using parameters such as density, frequency, dominance, important value, and the Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR). The results of the study show that the weed vegetation is dominated by Axonopus compressus, which has the highest SDR value of 0.55. Topsoil thickness ranges from 27 to 33 cm, with an average of 30 cm, indicating that the land is relatively suitable for coconut and palm oil growth. There is a relationship between vegetation density and topsoil thickness, where vegetation plays a role in covering the land, helping to reduce erosion and maintain land stability. Weed management should be selective, and sustainable land conservation practices are recommended to support productivity and ensure land sustainability.

Distribution And Pattern Attack Oryctes rhinoceros In the Area Coconut Replanting Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq .) In immature plants at PTPN IV Regional I Sei Putih Plantation

Muhammad Amin Pulungan, Henry Budi Hasibuan — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to determine the distribution and attack pattern of rhinoceros beetles (Oryctes rhinoceros) on immature oil palm plants (TBM) at PTPN IV Sei Putih Plantation, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra. Oil palm is a strategic plantation commodity that contributes significantly to the national economy, but rhinoceros beetle attacks can disrupt its productivity, especially during the young-plant phase. The study was conducted in March–April 2026 using a descriptive method with a field observation approach through censuses at predetermined sample points. The parameters observed included attack frequency, attack intensity, and spatial distribution patterns, analyzed using the Variance to Mean Ratio (VMR) method. The results showed that Oryctes rhinoceros attacks on TBM 1 in Afdeling III, covering an area of approximately 21 hectares, were classified as low. Attacks were detected at only a few census points, with an attack intensity of 0.2%, which falls into the light category. Analysis of distribution patterns indicated a VMR value of 0.44, suggesting a uniform distribution pattern. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test results showed that the data were normally distributed, with a significance value greater than 0.05. These findings indicate that proper garden sanitation and effective management of replanting areas can suppress pest population growth during the early stages of plant development. The results provide baseline information that can be used to develop more effective pest monitoring and control strategies. Regular monitoring and ongoing maintenance of area sanitation are recommended to prevent pest population increases and to support healthy plant growth.

The Relationship between Soil Conservation Techniques, Topsoil Depth and Vegetation Density in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Plantation Areas at Nusantara IV Plantation Regional II Adolina

Muhammad Habibi, Saroha Manurung, Aulia Juanda Djaingsastro — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to identify the soil conservation techniques applied and analyze their relationship with topsoil depth and weed vegetation density in oil palm areas at PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV Regional II Adolina. This research is important because oil palm is a strategic commodity whose productivity is influenced by soil conditions and land management. The study was conducted in April–May 2026 using a survey method with a descriptive approach. The study purposively selected samples based on differences in soil conservation techniques. Data were collected through field observations, measurements of topsoil depth, weed identification, and soil organic carbon (C) analysis. The results showed that topsoil depth ranged from 24 to 31 cm, with an average of 28.6 cm. Six weed species with a total of 4,645 individuals were identified, dominated by Lophatherum gracile (INP 66.70%) and Cenchrus purpureus (INP 65.10%). Soil organic carbon content ranged from 2.17% to 3.39%, with an average of 2.79%. This study indicates that effective soil conservation is associated with thicker topsoil, higher organic carbon content, and denser vegetation, thereby supporting sustainable land productivity.

Diversity of Endophytic Fungi in Leaves of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Non-Infected Ganoderma (Ganoderma boninense)

Rizky Pratama, Nurliana — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a strategic plantation commodity that plays an important role in the Indonesian economy. The productivity of this plant is influenced by the health of its tissues and the presence of microorganisms that naturally inhabit it. This study aims to identify the types of fungi present in the foliar tissue of healthy plants in the PTPN IV Gunung Bayu Unit area. The research used a descriptive qualitative method, involving isolation on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media, followed by macroscopic and microscopic observations. We sterilized samples with ethanol and NaOCl, then incubated them for about seven days at 28°C before purifying the cultures. We identified isolates based on colony characteristics and microscopic structures using lactophenol cotton blue dye. The results revealed four isolates, HB, HT, HM, and HG, with distinct morphological features. The HM isolate was identified as being similar to Aspergillus sp. This study's strength lies in documenting several microorganisms associated with healthy plants that could serve as sources of biological agents to enhance plant resilience. The findings provide a basis for further research, including antagonist testing and the development of environmentally friendly disease control strategies in oil palm plantations.

Utilization of Coconut Pulp (Cocos nucifera) as a Mixture of Planting Media for Vegetative Growth of Oil Palm Seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) at the Main Nursery

Irfan Aditia, Abu Yazid — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Until now, topsoil has generally been used as a growing medium for seedling propagation. However, the increasing scarcity of topsoil and ongoing soil extraction can degrade environmental quality. Therefore, an alternative material is needed that can be used as a component of a growing medium mixture without compromising seedling growth. Based on this, research on the utilization of coconut husk as an additive to the growing medium for the vegetative growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings in the main nursery is necessary. The method used in this study was a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD), with coconut husk as a treatment mixed into topsoil. The coconut husk treatment factor (M) consisted of five levels: M0 = Control + Topsoil (100%), M1 = Topsoil + Coconut Husk (90%: 10%), M2 = Topsoil + Coconut Husk (80%: 20%), M3 = Topsoil + Coconut Husk (70%: 30%), and M4 = Topsoil + Coconut Husk (60%: 40%). The study used five replicates with six plants per plot, for a total of 150 plants. The data analysis was followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at α = 5%. The parameters observed included plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), number of leaves (sheets), and total leaf area (cm²). The results indicate that using coconut husk that has not been fully decomposed (ripe) as a component of the growing medium can lead to a decreased (negative) vegetative growth response in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings in the main nursery. Conversely, fully decomposed (mature) coconut husks used as part of the growing medium promote better vegetative growth in oil palm seedlings.

Attraction Test of the Horned Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) Effect of Natural Attractants on Pineapple Fermentation (Ananas comosus ) and Palm Oil (Arenga pinnata) at PTPN IV Sei Putih Plantation, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Iqbal Bukhori, Junaidi, Nurliana — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Oil palm is a strategic plantation commodity with high economic value, but its productivity can decline due to attacks by Oryctes rhinoceros, which damage plants during the immature phase. This study aims to evaluate the response of adult Oryctes rhinoceros to several fermented organic material-based attractants. The research was conducted at PTPN IV Sei Putih Plantation, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra, in February–March 2026, using a field experiment with a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments tested included control (P0), pineapple fermentation (P1), palm sap fermentation (P2), and a combination of pineapple fermentation and palm sap (P3). Observations were made over 7 days, recording the number of Oryctes rhinoceros adults caught in each trap. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the number of catches based on analysis of variance (ANOVA). Treatment P1 produced the highest number of catches, totaling 74 individuals with an average of 3.52 individuals per trap per day, while the control treatment showed no catches. Sex identification revealed that males were more dominant than females across all treatments. The use of fermented pineapple-based attractants demonstrated the highest effectiveness compared to other treatments, making it a potentially economical, easy-to-apply, and environmentally friendly control alternative. Therefore, this material is recommended for use as a component of integrated Oryctes rhinoceros control in oil palm plantations.

Physiological Response and Growth of Wheat Plants (Triticum aestivum L.) Variety GURI 6 UNAND with Urea and TSP Fertilizer Doses

Imelinda, Irfan Suliansyah, Nurwanita Ekasari Putri — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a strategic cereal crop that serves as an important food source and a raw material for the food-processing industry. Wheat production in tropical regions continues to face the challenge of low nutrient-use efficiency, making appropriate fertilization strategies necessary to support plant physiological processes and growth. Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients that play important roles in chlorophyll formation, energy transfer, vegetative growth, and root development. This study aimed to determine the effects of different combinations of urea and TSP fertilizer doses on the physiological responses and growth of the GURI 6 UNAND wheat variety. The study used a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design and two treatment factors: urea doses (75, 150, and 225 kg/ha) and TSP doses (40, 80, and 120 kg/ha). The parameters measured included total chlorophyll content, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, flag leaf area, shoot-to-root ratio, and relative growth rate. The results showed a significant interaction between urea and TSP doses for the shoot-to-root ratio and relative growth rate. Applying 225 kg/ha urea resulted in the largest flag leaf area. The highest nitrogen uptake (0.93%) was obtained with the combination of 225 kg/ha urea and 120 kg/ha TSP, while the highest phosphorus uptake (0.85%) was obtained with 150 kg/ha urea and 120 kg/ha TSP. These results indicate that balancing nitrogen and phosphorus not only increases nutrient uptake but also improves the physiological responses of wheat plants under tropical conditions. Based on the results, applying 225 kg/ha urea combined with 120 kg/ha TSP is recommended to improve plant growth and nutrient-use efficiency in the GURI 6 UNAND wheat variety.

Population Distribution of the Bagworm Pteroma pendula Joannis There are oil palm plants (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in the Begerpang Plantation of PT.PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk.

Resty Fadhillah Yollanda, Ahmad Saleh, Makhrani Sari Ginting — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The bagworm Pteroma pendula is a major pest of oil palm plantations and can significantly reduce crop productivity. This study was conducted in Division 03 of Begerpang Estate, PT PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk, on three-year-old oil palm plants. The research employed a field survey method through population censuses on selected sample palms and six surrounding palms. Infestation levels were categorized as light, moderate, and severe, with a total of 105 sample palms selected across these categories. The observed parameters included the number of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult population density on the fronds, and the distribution pattern of larvae on the apical, middle and basal sections of the fronds. The results showed that the population of P. pendula increased with increasing infestation severity. The average population density under light infestation ranged from 0.0 to 2.2 individuals per frond, while moderate infestation ranged from 6.1 to 8.2 individuals per frond, and severe infestation reached 14.1–39.2 individuals per frond. The population on the sample palms was higher than that on the six surrounding palms, with mean larval populations of 53.2 and 44.2 larvae, respectively. In contrast, the surrounding palms harbored only 20.5 and 18.5 larvae on average. Larval activity was predominantly concentrated in the apical section of the fronds, accounting for 53.9–66.7% of the total population, compared with the middle and basal sections of the fronds. The results indicated that the sample palms were the primary centers of infestation. In contrast, the six surrounding palms could not fully represent the sample palms because of significant differences in population density. Larval activity was predominantly concentrated at the apical section of the fronds, suggesting that this area is the most suitable site for population monitoring. These findings provide a basis for the development of an Early Warning System (EWS) to support effective bagworm management in oil palm plantations.

Effectiveness of Stem Injected Systemic Insecticides on The Development of Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust Larvae In Male Oil Palm Flowers

Khanaya Balqis Haura, Henry Budi Hasibuan — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The pollination process (pollination) in oil palm plants becomes a crucial element in the formation of oil palm fruit. This research aims to examine the effect of systemic insecticide application through stem injection on the development of pollinating insect larvae, Eladobius kamerunicus Faust, on oil palms. The research was conducted at the Adolina Plantation Unit of PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IV Regional II, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra, in January-February 2026. The research used a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with a factorial arrangement involving two factors: insecticide type (control, Asefat 97% WG, and Tentraniliprol 200SC) and application dose (20, 30, 40 ml per tree). Parameters included E.kamerunicus population per bunch and hectare, larval mortality, Growth Index (GI), and Relative Growth Rate (RGR). Data were analyzed with Excel, ANOVA, and Tukey's test at 5% significance using SPSS 22. The results showed that the E.kamerunicus population stayed above the minimum threshold of 20,000 individuals, thus not disrupting the ecosystem. The highest larval mortality was observed in the Asefat treatment at 40 ml per tree (24.4%), while Tentraniliprol at 18.5%. The type of insecticide type significantly affected GI values but not RGR values. The results indicated that Tetraniliprol caused lower larval mortality than Acephate, keeping pollinator populations above necessary levels for effective pollination. Therefore, Tetraniliprole can be recommended as a safer alternative for oil palm pest management programs where conserving pollinating insects is a priority.

Biochemical Quality of Green Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) NFT Hydroponic in Various Types and Concentrations of Liquid Organic Fertilizer

Irvan Febriel Adham, Yusniwati, Lily Syukriani — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Green lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a highly nutritious vegetable with increasing demand, making hydroponic cultivation using the nutrient film technique (NFT) a strategic option. However, reliance on AB Mix solution may lead to excessive nitrate accumulation, reducing food safety and the plant's biochemical quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) type and concentration on the chlorophyll, crude fiber, vitamin C, and nitrate content of lettuce grown hydroponically using NFT. The experiment used a split-plot design, with four POC types (Hantu, DI Grow, NASA, and Ribost) as the main-plot factor and four POC concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30 mL/L) as the subplot factor. The experiment was replicated three times. POC concentration significantly affected chlorophyll content, with the highest value recorded at 30 mL/L (2.24 mg/L). Ribost produced the highest crude fiber content (0.97%), while DI Grow at 30 mL/L produced the highest vitamin C content (23.8 mg/100 g) and reduced nitrate levels from 3,511.0 to 2,782.1 mg/kg, below the European Union's safe threshold of 4,000 mg/kg. DI Grow at 30 mL/L is recommended as a partial substitute for AB Mix for hydroponic growers seeking to produce green lettuce with improved biochemical quality and lower nitrate levels.

Analysis of Vegetation Weeds in Coconut Plantations Palm Oil ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) People Based on Difference Year Plant

Angga Prastiawan, Muhammad Yusuf Dibisono, Hamzah Manurung — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of Indonesia's strategic plantation commodities. Weed occurrence in oil palm plantations affects plantation management because weeds compete with the crop for light, water, nutrients, and growing space. This study aimed to analyze weed vegetation, identify dominant weed species based on the Important Value Index (IVI), and describe weed diversity in smallholder oil palm plantations established in different years in Jaya Agung Village, Bagan Sinembah District, Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province. The study was conducted from November 2024 to February 2025 using a field survey and purposive sampling. Vegetation analysis included density, frequency, the Important Value Index (IVI), the Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR), and the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′). The results showed that plantations established in 2005 contained five weed species, with Asystasia gangetica as the dominant species (IVI: 68.69%; SDR: 34; H′ = 1.19). Plantations established in 2010 contained nine weed species and were dominated by Ageratum conyzoides (IVI: 42.89%; SDR: 21; H′ = 1.85), whereas plantations established in 2014 contained thirteen weed species and were dominated by Kyllinga brevifolia (IVI: 47.73%; SDR: 24; H′ = 1.71). Across all observation plots, 17 weed species comprising 2,595 individuals were recorded. The findings indicate differences in weed species composition, dominance, and diversity among smallholder oil palm plantations of different planting ages, highlighting the importance of age-specific monitoring and targeted weed management based on the dominant species.

Effectiveness of Fobio Biopesticide in Controlling Fusarium sp. Stem Rot in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Anggi Intan, Sri Wiyatiningsih, Herry Nirwanto — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Stem rot disease caused by Fusarium sp. is one of the major disease affecting corn plants and can reduce crop productivity by damaging stem tissues and disrupting the transport of water and nutrients. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the biopesticide Fobio in controlling Fusarium stem rot disease in corn plants and its effects on plant growth and defense-related compounds. The study was conducted from December 2025 to February 2026 in Johowino Village, Mojoagung District, Jombang Regency, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications: P0 (control), P1 (chemical fungicide), P2 (Fobio 5 mL/L), P3 (Fobio 7.5 mL/L), and P4 (Fobio 10 mL/L). The observed parameters included disease intensity, plant height, number of leaves, and salicylic acid and jasmonic acid contents. The results showed that Fobio application reduced disease intensity to 3.8%, compared with 9.16% in the control treatment, and increased plant growth and salicylic acid content by 4.08 mg/100 g. These findings indicate that Fobio biopesticide has potential as an alternative for controlling Fusarium sp. stem rot disease in corn plants. The primary advantage of Fobio is its potential to suppress disease development while promoting plant growth and enhancing defense-related compounds, making it a potentially more environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fungicides. Therefore, Fobio may be recommended as a sustainable disease management strategy for corn farmers to suppress Fusarium stem rot and improve crop performance.

Growth and Peroxidase Activity in Oil Palm Seedlings (Elais guineensis Jacq.) Against Gibberellin and Watering Intervals in the Main-nursery Phase

Fora santoso, Arman Effendi, Delita Zul — Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Oil palm is an important plantation commodity in Indonesia and has considerable potential for further development, particularly in Riau Province, where it is widely cultivated. In oil palm cultivation, seedlings are expected to exhibit normal growth without any signs of abnormalities. One approach to obtaining healthy, normally growing oil palm seedlings is regular watering, which ensures adequate water availability and distribution and supports cell elongation and plant growth. Improper plant care, particularly inadequate water availability, can disrupt vegetative growth. Under water-deficit conditions, plant metabolic activity may decrease, resulting in physiological stress. This study aimed to analyze the growth responses and peroxidase activity of oil palm seedlings to the application of gibberellin and different watering intervals. The research was conducted in a private garden on Jl. Hangtuah Ujung, Pekanbaru, using a factorial experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The experiment consisted of two factors. The first factor was gibberellin concentration, with three levels: 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 150 mg/L. The second factor was the watering interval, comprising three levels: once every 2 days, once every 4 days, and once every 6 days. The two factors were combined to produce nine treatment combinations, with each treatment replicated three times, resulting in 27 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of four plants, three of which were used as sample plants. The observed parameters included stem height, stem diameter, crown fresh weight, chlorophyll content, and peroxidase enzyme activity. The results showed that the application of gibberellin at a concentration of 150 mg/L combined with a watering interval of once every 2 days resulted in greater stem height, stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content than the other treatments. In contrast, the application of gibberellin at 50 mg/L combined with a watering interval of once every 6 days resulted in higher peroxidase enzyme activity.

Soil Organic Carbon Degradation and Changes In Phosphorus and Potassium Status in Intensive Paddy Fields of Solok Regency and Solok City, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Ismon Lenin, Hermansah, Agustian, Auzar Syarif , Ai Dariah — Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Rice yield stagnation in intensive paddy fields has been widely associated with declining soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient imbalance. This study aimed to quantify the extent and spatial distribution of SOC, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) status in paddy fields in Solok Regency and Solok City, West Sumatra, Indonesia, and to evaluate opportunities to improve soil fertility to support sustainable rice production. The study covered 23,426 ha of paddy fields, consisting of 22,551 ha in Solok Regency and 876 ha in Solok City. Soil fertility status was assessed based on SOC, available P, and exchangeable K. Results showed that 68.24% of the paddy fields had low SOC content (<2%), indicating widespread soil organic matter depletion. In contrast, 85.47% and 72.91% of the area exhibited high P and K status, respectively, reflecting substantial nutrient accumulation from long-term fertilization. These findings indicate that soil fertility management should prioritize increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) and optimizing the use of accumulated phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) reserves (legacy nutrients) to improve fertilizer use efficiency. To enhance the productivity of lowland rice soils in Solok Regency and Solok City, organic amendments should be applied, together with P and K fertilization tailored to the soil nutrient status. This approach could improve soil health, sustain rice productivity, and support the long-term sustainability of intensive lowland rice farming systems.