Identification of Fungi Causing Rubber Leaf Fall and Testing the Inhibitory Effect of Trichoderma spp. Consortium against These Fungi in vitro
Keywords:
Inhibitory power, Leaf fall, Identification, Rubber, Consortium, Trichoderma
Abstract
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) is a major commodity in Riau Province, but its production has declined due to various factors, including diseases. Rubber Leaf Fall Disease (RLFD), caused by Pestalotiopsis sp., is a significant disease affecting rubber, which is a relatively new concern in Indonesia. As an environmentally friendly control alternative, this study aimed to identify the causal fungus of RLFD and to test the inhibitory effect of a consortium of five Trichoderma spp. isolates against Pestalotiopsis sp. in vitro. The research employed observational methods for morphological identification of Pestalotiopsis sp. and an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) for inhibitory testing. The experimental design consisted of 24 treatments with 3 replications. Data from the inhibitory activity were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test at 5%. The results confirmed that the fungus causing RLFD is indeed Pestalotiopsis sp., and showed that the consortium of T. pseudokoningii + T. koningii and the consortium of T. koningii + T. harzianum were the most effective in inhibiting its growth in vitro, with inhibition percentages of 35.00% and 34.00%, respectively. This finding suggests that these specific Trichoderma consortia have strong potential as biological control agents against RLFD.
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References
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[3] P. Fitria, I. A. Simangunsong, H. Handoko, Nurliana, and F. A. Barus, “Epidemiological Study and Spread Patterns of Rubber Leaf Drop Disease (Pestalotiopsis sp.) on Rubber Plants (Hevea brasiliensis),” J. Agro Estate, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 53–66, 2024, doi: 10.47199/jae.v8i1.245.
[4] C. I. Dalimunthe, E. B. Febrianto, and G. A. Sianturi, “Genetic resistance test of IRR series rubber clones against Pestalotiopsis leaf drop disease in the laboratory,” J. Penelit. Agrosamudra, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 49–55, 2022. https://doi.org/10.33059/jupas.v9i1.4683
[5] T. R. Febbiyanti, C. T. Stevanus, and R. Tistama, “The role of fertilizer and fungicide in the recovery of crowns affected by Pestalotiopsis leaf drop disease in GT 1 clones at the Sembawa Rubber Research Center experimental plantation,” J. Penelit. Karet, pp. 145–164, 2020. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.jpk.v2i38.705
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[7] A. P. J. Kusdiana, “Diagnosis of rubber leaf drop disease (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.),” J. Penelit. Karet, pp. 165–178, 2020. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.jpk.v2i38.728
[8] M. Asaad, A. Rusdi, and A. Agussalim, “Study on
Control of Red Onion Wilt Disease Using
biopesticides in Southeast Sulawesi,” J. Res. and Dev.
Agricultural Technology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 199–211, 2020.
[9] L. Magdalena, F. Puspita, and M. Ali, “Testing of a biofungicide tablet formulation containing a consortium of endophytic Trichoderma virens and indigenous mycorrhizae against JAP disease in rubber seedlings,” J. Agric., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 57–64, 2021. https://doi.org/10.25299/dp.2021
[10] Y. Elfina S, R. Dewi, and R. Ibrahim, “Testing of Biofungicide Pellets Containing Several Isolates of Trichoderma sp. from Riau Against Diseases Caused by Ganoderma boninense Pat. In Vitro,” Proceedings of the National Seminar in Pekanbaru, 2013.
[11] Z. Zafitra, Y. Elfina, and M. Ali, “Antagonistic Test of Trichoderma, Verticillium, and Torulomyces Fungi Against Ganoderma Boninense Pat. In Vitro,” Online Journal of Students, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2017.
[12] A. D. Aprilia and L. Q. Aini, “Testing of an Antagonistic Bacterial Consortium to Control Fusarium Wilt Disease in Red Onion (Allium ascalonicum L.) in Dampit Subdistrict, Malang Regency,” J. HPT (Plant Pests and Diseases), vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 29–38, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jurnalhpt.2022.010.1.4
[13] M. N. Sinaga, “Testing of a Consortium of Four Endophytic Fungal Isolates from Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) Against Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler and Bisby, the Causal Agent of Anthracnose Disease on Red Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Laboratory,” 2022.
[14] A. Djamaan, “Fermentation of Bioactive Compounds from Trichoderma koningii Mushrooms to Obtain New Natural Fungicide Raw Materials,” J. Sci. and Technol. Farm., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 7–12, 2002.
[15] P. F. Stanbury, A. Whitaker, and S. J. Hall, Principles of fermentation technology. Elsevier, 2013.
[16] I. Gandjar and M. A. Rifai, Introduction to Common Tropical Molds. Obor Indonesia Foundation, 1999.
[17] T. R. Febbiyanti and Z. Fairuzah, “Identification of the causes of an unusual outbreak of rubber leaf fall disease in Indonesia,” J. Rubber Res., pp. 193–206, 2019. https://doi.org/10.22302/ppk.jpk.v37i2.616
[18] Y. Maryani and Y. Astuti, Pocket Book on Rubber Leaf Drop Disease (GDK). Jakarta: Director of Plantation Protection, 2019.
[19] A. Junita, N. Nurhayani, and N. Afridayanti, “Optimization of Temperature in an Incubator for the Storage of Trichoderma Sp. Fungal Isolates in a Plant Pathology Laboratory,” in National Seminar on Suboptimal Land, 2023, pp. 847–858.
[20] S. Sakiah, D. Arfianti, A. B. Silalahi, and I. Lesmana, “Utilization of Trichoderma sp and Aspergillus sp in the Composting of Empty Oil Palm Fruit Bunches,” Tabela J. Pertan. Sustainable, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 37–43, 2024. https://doi.org/10.56211/tabela.v2i1.459
[21] O. D. Saputri, “Effectiveness of Candida Albicans Growth on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) Media Compared to Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Media,” 2021, Yogyakarta Public Health Polytechnic.
[22] N. Natalia, “Differences in the Number of Trichophyton rubrum Fungal Colonies on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Modified Glucose 3g Media,” J. Penelit. Sains, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 134–139, 2021. https://doi.org/10.56064/jps.v23i3.644
[23] Y. Elfina, M. Ali, and R. Saputra, “The use of organic materials and their combinations in the formulation of a biofungicide containing the active ingredient Trichoderma pseudokoningii Rifai. to inhibit the fungus Ganoderma boninense Pat. in vitro,” J. Natur Indones., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 79–90, 2016. 10.31258/jnat.16.2.79-90
[24] Y. Suharni, L. Hakim, and S. Susanna, “The Effect of Several Media on the Growth of Trichoderma harzianum Local Isolates from Pala,” J. Ilm. Mhs. Pertan., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 2023, 2023, [Online]. Available: www.jim.unsyiah.ac.id/JFP
[25] M. Syamsiah, M. Si, and S. Rahmawati, “Testing the Effects of Trichoderma spp. on Growing Media on the Vigor of Pandanwangi Cianjur Rice Seeds,” AGROSCIENCE, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 266–280, 2017. https://doi.org/10.35194/agsci.v7i2.152
[26] F. Puspita, M. Ali, and S. Supriyadi, “Compatibility and Inhibitory Activity of Trichoderma spp. Endophytic Consortia against Phytophthora palmivora Cocoa Fruit Rot Disease,” Agrikultura, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 126–133, 2020.
[27] I. S. Anadiasthy, A. Bimantara, L. G. Alifianto, and D. P. Wicaksono, “Antagonism Test of Trichoderma harzianum and Gliocladium sp. on Golden Tricho Product Against Fusarium sp.,” Pros. National Seminar on Research and Community Service, vol. 3, pp. 518–530, 2025.
[28] A. G. Natalia, T. N. Aeny, and J. Prasetyo, “Efficacy Test of Trichoderma spp. With Different Mixture Materials in Inhibiting the Growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, the Causative Agent of Seedling Damping-Off Disease in Groundnuts,” J. Agrotek Trop., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 408–413, 2014, doi: 10.23960/jat.v2i3.2070.
[29] S. Suparti and N. Karimawati, “Growth of F0 Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and Oyster Mushroom (Volvariella Volvacea) on Taro Tuber Medium at Different Concentrations,” Bioeksperimen J. Penelit. Biol., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 64–72, 2017. DOI: 10.23917/bioeksperimen.v3i1.3672
[30] M. Marlina and L. Hakim, “Antagonistic Activity of Several Endophytic Trichoderma Species Against Pyricularia oryzae Cav. In Vitro,” J. Ilm. Mhs. Pertan., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 977–989, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v8i4.27548
[31] K. Khalimi and T. A. Phabiola, “Identification of Antifungal Compounds from Rizoplan Biological Agents,” J. Agroecotechnology Trop., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 596–605, 2021.
[32] O. Jumadi and W. Caronge, “Trichoderma and its utilization,” Publisher: Journal of Biology, FMIPA, 2021.
[33] S. D. Haryati, S. Darmawati, and W. Wilson, “Comparison of the effects of avocado fruit extract (Persea americana Mill) on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria using the disk and well methods,” in Proceedings of the National & International Seminar, 2017.
[34] A. Ubaidillah, J. Patty, and A. Talahaturuson, “Exploration of Antagonistic Fungi in the Rhizosphere of Coconut Plants (Cocos nucifera L.) on Ambon Island,” Agrol. J. Ilmu Budid. Tanam., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 184–200, 2024. https://doi.org/10.30598/agrologia.v13i2.14566
[35] S. M. Rotasouw, J. Taribuka, and H. R. D. Amanupunyo, “Identification and Ability of Endophytic Fungi from Corn (Zea mays L.) Against the Pathogen of Leaf Blight (Rhyzoctonia solani),” J. Agri. Agric., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 140–146, 2020, doi: 10.30598/jbdp.2020.16.2.140.
[36] A. Octavia and S. Wantini, “Comparison of Aspergillus flavus fungus growth on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium and an alternative medium from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),” J. Anal. Health., vol. 6, no. 2, p. 626, 2017. https://doi.org/10.26630/jak.v6i2.788
[37] R. Y. Alifia, A. L. Abadi, and F. A. Choliq, “Mechanism of Antagonism of Several Endophytic Fungal Isolates against the Pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Causing Anthracnose Disease in Dendrobium Orchids in Vitro,” Plantropica J. Agric. Sci., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 124–133, 2023. https://jpt.ub.ac.id/index.php/jpt/article/view/4971
Published
2025-08-28
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Copyright (c) 2025 Yetti Elfina, Mona Kartika, Alfin Rizqi
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