Tinjauan Literatur Komprehensif: Dinamika Hukum, Etika Bisnis, dan Transformasi Operasional pada PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive review of the legal, ethical, and operational dynamics surrounding the monopoly status of PT PLN (Persero) in Indonesia. Although PLN’s monopoly is constitutionally legitimized under Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, the analysis indicates that such legitimacy is not absolute, as PLN remains subject to the provisions of Law No. 5 of 1999 concerning the prohibition of monopolistic practices. The findings reveal that digital transformation initiatives particularly Digital Procurement and PLN Mobile serve not only as tools for operational efficiency but also as mechanisms for strengthening ethical governance by reducing opportunities for corruption and enhancing service transparency. The study also highlights the persistent dilemma PLN faces in balancing its Public Service Obligation (PSO) mandate with long-term financial sustainability, especially amid regional disparities in electricity supply costs and reliance on government subsidies. Furthermore, the review identifies emerging legal issues related to the Essential Facility doctrine in the context of PLN’s expansion into competitive downstream markets such as internet services. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this paper synthesizes relevant regulatory, economic, and technological literature to provide an integrated understanding of PLN’s strategic challenges in the digital era.